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Ascertaining causal direction from observational data is a fundamental challenge in scientific inquiry. Of particular interest is the problem of covariate-adjusted bivariate causal discovery, i.e., determining the causal direction between X…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-30 Soumik Purkayastha , Peter X. -K. Song

In recent years, causal modelling has been used widely to improve generalization and to provide interpretability in machine learning models. To determine cause-effect relationships in the absence of a randomized trial, we can model causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Rohan Giriraj , Sinnu Susan Thomas

Causal inference is essential for data-driven decision-making, as it aims to uncover causal relationships from observational data. However, identifying causality remains challenging due to the potential for confounding and the distinction…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Tianyu Yang , Md. Noor-E-Alam

Feature selection is an important but challenging task in causal inference for obtaining unbiased estimates of causal quantities. Properly selected features in causal inference not only significantly reduce the time required to implement a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-04 Tianyu Yang , Md. Noor-E-Alam

Learning causal structure from observational data is a fundamental challenge in machine learning. However, the majority of commonly used differentiable causal discovery methods are non-identifiable, turning this problem into a continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Yu Wang , An Zhang , Xiang Wang , Yancheng Yuan , Xiangnan He , Tat-Seng Chua

Understanding the laws that govern a phenomenon is the core of scientific progress. This is especially true when the goal is to model the interplay between different aspects in a causal fashion. Indeed, causal inference itself is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Alessio Zanga , Elif Ozkirimli , Fabio Stella

Inferring causal relationships from observed data is an important task, yet it becomes challenging when the data is subject to various external interferences. Most of these interferences are the additional effects of external factors on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Ruichu Cai , Xiaokai Huang , Wei Chen , Zijian Li , Zhifeng Hao

Causal discovery (CD) aims to discover the causal graph underlying the data generation mechanism of observed variables. In many real-world applications, the observed variables are vector-valued, such as in climate science where variables…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-16 Urmi Ninad , Jonas Wahl , Andreas Gerhardus , Jakob Runge

A fundamental task in science is to determine the underlying causal relations because it is the knowledge of this functional structure what leads to the correct interpretation of an effect given the apparent associations in the observed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Alexandre Trilla , Nenad Mijatovic

Federated causal discovery aims to uncover the causal relationships between entities while protecting data privacy, which has significant importance and numerous applications in real-world scenarios. Existing federated causal structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Wei Chen , Wanyang Gu , Linjun Peng , Ruichu Cai , Zhifeng Hao , Kun Zhang

Coupled dynamical systems are frequently observed in nature, but often not well understood in terms of their causal structure without additional domain knowledge about the system. Especially when analyzing observational time series data of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-26 Will Glad , Thomas Woolf

The discovery of causal relations from observed data has attracted significant interest from disciplines such as economics, social sciences, and biology. In practical applications, considerable knowledge of the underlying systems is often…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-19 Yu Terada , Ken Arai , Yu Tanaka , Yota Maeda , Hiroshi Ueno , Hiroyuki Tezuka

Existing causal discovery methods based on combinatorial optimization or search are slow, prohibiting their application on large-scale datasets. In response, more recent methods attempt to address this limitation by formulating causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Victor Akinwande , J. Zico Kolter

Causal discovery for purely observational, categorical data is a long-standing challenging problem. Unlike continuous data, the vast majority of existing methods for categorical data focus on inferring the Markov equivalence class only,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-20 Yang Ni , Bani Mallick

Causal discovery uncovers complex relationships between variables, enhancing predictions, decision-making, and insights into real-world systems, especially in nonlinear multivariate time series. However, most existing methods primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Wasim Ahmad , Joachim Denzler , Maha Shadaydeh

Local causal discovery is of great practical significance, as there are often situations where the discovery of the global causal structure is unnecessary, and the interest lies solely on a single target variable. Most existing local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Haoyue Dai , Ignavier Ng , Yujia Zheng , Zhengqing Gao , Kun Zhang

We propose a method to classify the causal relationship between two discrete variables given only the joint distribution of the variables, acknowledging that the method is subject to an inherent baseline error. We assume that the causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-07 Krzysztof Chalupka , Frederick Eberhardt , Pietro Perona

Going beyond correlations, the understanding and identification of causal relationships in observational time series, an important subfield of Causal Discovery, poses a major challenge. The lack of access to a well-defined ground truth for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-19 Andrew R. Lawrence , Marcus Kaiser , Rui Sampaio , Maksim Sipos

Temporal causal discovery is a crucial task aimed at uncovering the causal relations within time series data. The latest temporal causal discovery methods usually train deep learning models on prediction tasks to uncover the causality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Lingbai Kong , Wengen Li , Hanchen Yang , Yichao Zhang , Jihong Guan , Shuigeng Zhou

Causal discovery can be a powerful tool for investigating causality when a system can be observed but is inaccessible to experiments in practice. Despite this, it is rarely used in any scientific or medical fields. One of the major hurdles…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-07 Erich Kummerfeld , Alexander Rix