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The transformer's context window is vital for tasks such as few-shot learning and conditional generation as it preserves previous tokens for active memory. However, as the context lengths increase, the computational costs grow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jeffrey Willette , Heejun Lee , Youngwan Lee , Myeongjae Jeon , Sung Ju Hwang

As the demand for long-context large language models (LLMs) increases, models with context windows of up to 128K or 1M tokens are becoming increasingly prevalent. However, long-context LLM inference is challenging since the inference speed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Jiaming Tang , Yilong Zhao , Kan Zhu , Guangxuan Xiao , Baris Kasikci , Song Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit enhanced capabilities by Chain-of-Thought reasoning. However, the extended reasoning sequences introduce significant GPU memory overhead due to increased key-value (KV) cache. Existing KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Haoyue Zhang , Hualei Zhang , Xiaosong Ma , Jie Zhang , Song Guo

Long-context inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is bottlenecked by the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache memory. Existing KV cache compression paradigms are fundamentally limited by heuristics: heuristic budgeting relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Enshuai Zhou , Yifan Hao , Chao Wang , Rui Zhang , Di Huang , Jiaming Guo , Xing Hu , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Yunji Chen

The growing context length of Large Language Models (LLMs) enlarges the Key-Value (KV) cache, limiting deployment in resource-limited environments. Prior training-free approaches for KV cache compression typically rely on low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yixuan Wang , Qingyu Shi , Jiayu Zhou , Dianbo Liu , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

Language models (LMs) underpin emerging mobile and embedded AI applications like meeting and video summarization and document analysis, which often require processing multiple long-context inputs. Running an LM locally on-device improves…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Huawei Zhang , Chunwei Xia , Zheng Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) encounter severe memory inefficiencies during long-context inference due to conventional handling of key-value (KV) caches. In this work, we introduce a novel integration of PagedAttention with PyTorch's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Thomas Joshi , Herman Saini , Neil Dhillon , Antoni Viros i Martin , Kaoutar El Maghraoui

The key-value (KV) cache accelerates LLMs decoding by storing KV tensors from previously generated tokens. It reduces redundant computation at the cost of increased memory usage. To mitigate this overhead, existing approaches compress KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hao Wang , Ligong Han , Kai Xu , Akash Srivastava

The large size of the KV cache has become a major bottleneck for serving LLMs with increasing context lengths. In response, many KV cache compression methods, such as token dropping and quantization, have been proposed. However, almost all…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiayi Yao , Samuel Shen , Kuntai Du , Shaoting Feng , Dongjoo Seo , Rui Zhang , Yuyang Huang , Yuhan Liu , Shan Lu , Junchen Jiang

Vision-language models (VLMs) show remarkable performance in multimodal tasks. However, excessively long multimodal inputs lead to oversized Key-Value (KV) caches, resulting in significant memory consumption and I/O bottlenecks. Previous KV…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Zunhai Su , Wang Shen , Linge Li , Zhe Chen , Hanyu Wei , Huangqi Yu , Kehong Yuan

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their recent impressive accomplishments, are notably cost-prohibitive to deploy, particularly for applications involving long-content generation, such as dialogue systems and story writing. Often, a…

Large language models (LLMs) face growing challenges in efficient generative inference due to the increasing memory demands of Key-Value (KV) caches, especially for long sequences. Existing eviction methods typically retain KV pairs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yongqi An , Chang Lu , Kuan Zhu , Tao Yu , Chaoyang Zhao , Hong Wu , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

The deployment of efficient long-context LLMs in applications like autonomous agents, long-chain reasoning, and creative writing is fundamentally bottlenecked by the linear growth of KV cache memory. Existing compression and eviction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jitai Hao , Qiang Huang , Yaowei Wang , Min Zhang , Jun Yu

Existing KV cache compression methods generally operate on discrete tokens or non-semantic chunks. However, such approaches often lead to semantic fragmentation, where linguistically coherent units are disrupted, causing irreversible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shunlong Wu , Hai Lin , Shaoshen Chen , Tingwei Lu , Yongqin Zeng , Shaoxiong Zhan , Hai-Tao Zheng , Hong-Gee Kim

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning abilities by producing long reasoning traces. However, as the sequence length grows, the key-value (KV) cache expands linearly, incurring significant memory and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zican Dong , Peiyu Liu , Junyi Li , Zhipeng Chen , Han Peng , Shuo Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao

Serving large language models (LLMs) is important for cloud providers, and caching intermediate results (KV\$) after processing each request substantially improves serving throughput and latency. However, there is limited understanding of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jiahao Wang , Jinbo Han , Xingda Wei , Sijie Shen , Dingyan Zhang , Chenguang Fang , Rong Chen , Wenyuan Yu , Haibo Chen

Recent advancements in Audio-Video Large Language Models (AV-LLMs) have enhanced their capabilities in tasks like audio-visual question answering and multimodal dialog systems. Video and audio introduce an extended temporal dimension,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Zhonghua Jiang , Kui Chen , Kunxi Li , Keting Yin , Yiyun Zhou , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang

Global KV-cache sharing is an effective optimization for accelerating large language model (LLM) inference, yet it introduces an API-visible timing side channel that lets adversaries infer sensitive user inputs from shared entries, leading…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Kexin Chu , Zecheng Lin , Dawei Xiang , Zixu Shen , Jianchang Su , Cheng Chu , Yiwei Yang , Wenhui Zhang , Wenfei Wu , Wei Zhang

As the length of input text increases, the key-value (KV) cache in LLMs imposes prohibitive GPU memory costs and limits long-context inference on resource constrained devices. Existing approaches, such as KV quantization and pruning, reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Tenghui Li , Guoxu Zhou , Xuyang Zhao , Yuning Qiu , Qibin Zhao

High throughput serving of large language models (LLMs) requires batching sufficiently many requests at a time. However, existing systems struggle because the key-value cache (KV cache) memory for each request is huge and grows and shrinks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Woosuk Kwon , Zhuohan Li , Siyuan Zhuang , Ying Sheng , Lianmin Zheng , Cody Hao Yu , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Hao Zhang , Ion Stoica
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