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Synthetic verification techniques such as generating test cases and reward modelling are common ways to enhance the coding capabilities of large language models (LLM) beyond predefined tests. Additionally, code verification has recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Aleksander Ficek , Somshubra Majumdar , Vahid Noroozi , Boris Ginsburg

Large language models (LLMs) often generate content that contains factual errors when responding to fact-seeking prompts on open-ended topics. To benchmark a model's long-form factuality in open domains, we first use GPT-4 to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jerry Wei , Chengrun Yang , Xinying Song , Yifeng Lu , Nathan Hu , Jie Huang , Dustin Tran , Daiyi Peng , Ruibo Liu , Da Huang , Cosmo Du , Quoc V. Le

We introduce MILE-RefHumEval, a reference-free framework for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) without ground-truth annotations or evaluator coordination. It leverages an ensemble of independently prompted evaluators guided by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Nalin Srun , Parisa Rastin , Guénaël Cabanes , Lydia Boudjeloud Assala

Despite the success achieved in neural abstractive summarization based on pre-trained language models, one unresolved issue is that the generated summaries are not always faithful to the input document. There are two possible causes of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Xiuying Chen , Mingzhe Li , Xin Gao , Xiangliang Zhang

The goal of decompilation is to convert compiled low-level code (e.g., assembly code) back into high-level programming languages, enabling analysis in scenarios where source code is unavailable. This task supports various reverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yunlong Feng , Bohan Li , Xiaoming Shi , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

This paper introduces a novel code-to-code search technique that enhances the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by including both static and dynamic features as well as utilizing both similar and dissimilar examples during…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Anthony Saieva , Saikat Chakraborty , Gail Kaiser

Meeting summarization has become a critical task since digital encounters have become a common practice. Large language models (LLMs) show great potential in summarization, offering enhanced coherence and context understanding compared to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Frederic Kirstein , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) frameworks enable large language models (LLMs) to retrieve relevant information from a knowledge base and incorporate it into the context for generating responses. This mitigates hallucinations and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Pouria Rouzrokh , Shahriar Faghani , Cooper U. Gamble , Moein Shariatnia , Bradley J. Erickson

State-of-the-art large language models are sometimes distributed as open-source software but are also increasingly provided as a closed-source service. These closed-source large-language models typically see the widest usage by the public,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Adam Yang , Chen Chen , Konstantinos Pitas

Code generation with large language models (LLMs), often termed vibe coding, is increasingly adopted in production but fails to ensure code quality, particularly in security (e.g., SQL injection vulnerabilities) and maintainability (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Feng Yao , Zilong Wang , Liyuan Liu , Junxia Cui , Li Zhong , Xiaohan Fu , Haohui Mai , Vish Krishnan , Jianfeng Gao , Jingbo Shang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code generation, they often produce solutions that lack guarantees of correctness, robustness, and efficiency. This limitation is particularly acute in domains…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yueke Zhang , Yifan Zhang , Kevin Leach , Yu Huang

A commonly observed problem with the state-of-the art abstractive summarization models is that the generated summaries can be factually inconsistent with the input documents. The fact that automatic summarization may produce…

Software comments are critical for human understanding of software, and as such many comment generation techniques have been proposed. However, we find that a systematic evaluation of the factual accuracy of generated comments is rare; only…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Sungmin Kang , Louis Milliken , Shin Yoo

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce code with subtle implementation-level bugs despite strong benchmark performance. These errors are hard for LLMs to spot and can have large behavioural effects; yet when asked to summarise code,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Lukas Twist

Although LLMs have achieved remarkable performance, the inherent stochasticity of their reasoning process and varying conclusions present significant challenges. Majority voting or Best-of-N with external verification models has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Dongseok Lee , Jimyung Hong , Dongyoung Kim , Jaehyung Kim

Software security vulnerabilities can lead to severe consequences, making early detection essential. Although code review serves as a critical defense mechanism against security flaws, relevant feedback remains scarce due to limited…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zixiao Zhao , Yanjie Jiang , Hui Liu , Kui Liu , Lu Zhang

Individuals express diverse opinions, a fair summary should represent these viewpoints comprehensively. Previous research on fairness in opinion summarisation using large language models (LLMs) relied on hyperparameter tuning or providing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Nannan Huang , Haytham M. Fayek , Xiuzhen Zhang

Maintaining factual consistency is a critical issue in abstractive text summarisation, however, it cannot be assessed by traditional automatic metrics used for evaluating text summarisation, such as ROUGE scoring. Recent efforts have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jennifer A Bishop , Qianqian Xie , Sophia Ananiadou

The task of automated code review has recently gained a lot of attention from the machine learning community. However, current review comment evaluation metrics rely on comparisons with a human-written reference for a given code change…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Atharva Naik , Marcus Alenius , Daniel Fried , Carolyn Rose

Generating unbiased summaries in real-world settings such as political perspective summarization remains a crucial application of Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet, existing evaluation frameworks rely on traditional metrics for measuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Narutatsu Ri , Nicholas Deas , Kathleen McKeown