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Agentic AI systems can now generate code with remarkable fluency, but a fundamental question remains: \emph{does the generated code actually do what the user intended?} The gap between informal natural language requirements and precise…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Shuvendu K. Lahiri

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in code generation, but many existing benchmarks are approaching saturation and offer little guarantee on the trustworthiness of the generated programs. To improve…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xun Deng , Sicheng Zhong , Barış Bayazıt , Andreas Veneris , Fan Long , Xujie Si

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating software code for high-level programming languages such as Python and C++. However, their application to hardware description languages, such as Verilog,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yan Tan , Xiangchen Meng , Zijun Jiang , Yangdi Lyu

Existing Large Language Model (LLM) approaches to SystemVerilog Assertion (SVA) generation primarily focus on syntactic validity and formal verification outcomes, while semantic alignment between generated assertions and natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jaime Rafael Imperial , Hao Zheng

Requirements traceability, the process of establishing and maintaining relationships between requirements and various software development artifacts, is paramount for ensuring system integrity and fulfilling requirements throughout the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Nouf Alturayeif , Irfan Ahmad , Jameleddine Hassine

Neural network verification tools currently support only a narrow class of specifications, typically expressed as low-level constraints over raw inputs and outputs. This limitation significantly hinders their adoption and practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yizhak Y. Elboher , Reuven Peleg , Zhouxing Shi , Guy Katz , Jan Křetínský

In the rapidly evolving field of Electronic Design Automation (EDA), the deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) for Register-Transfer Level (RTL) design has emerged as a promising direction. However, silicon-grade correctness remains…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Jiale Liu , Taiyu Zhou , Tianqi Jiang

Safety- and security-critical systems have to be thoroughly tested against their specifications. The state of practice is to have _natural language_ specifications, from which test cases are derived manually - a process that is slow,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Kuangxiangzi Liu , Dhiman Chakraborty , Alexander Liggesmeyer , Andreas Zeller

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in generating Verilog code from module specifications. To improve the quality of such generated Verilog codes, previous methods require either time-consuming manual…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zhuorui Zhao , Ruidi Qiu , Ing-Chao Lin , Grace Li Zhang , Bing Li , Ulf Schlichtmann

Formal verification offers a path to provably correct software, but writing verified code remains expensive enough that the technique is rarely used in production. Recent large language models can accelerate this work, and recent benchmarks…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Leo Yao

Automating hardware design could obviate a significant amount of human error from the engineering process and lead to fewer errors. Verilog is a popular hardware description language to model and design digital systems, thus generating…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Shailja Thakur , Baleegh Ahmad , Zhenxing Fan , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Ramesh Karri , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Siddharth Garg

Large language models possess impressive capabilities in generating programs (e.g., Python) from natural language descriptions to execute robotic tasks. However, these generated programs often contain errors that violate externally given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Yunhao Yang , Neel P. Bhatt , William Ward , Zichao Hu , Joydeep Biswas , Ufuk Topcu

Verifiers play a crucial role in large language model (LLM) reasoning, needed by post-training techniques such as reinforcement learning. However, reliable verifiers are hard to get for difficult coding problems, because a well-disguised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhongmou He , Yee Man Choi , Kexun Zhang , Jiabao Ji , Junting Zhou , Dejia Xu , Ivan Bercovich , Aidan Zhang , Lei Li

We introduce ${\rm C{\small LEVER}}$, a high-quality, curated benchmark of 161 problems for end-to-end verified code generation in Lean. Each problem consists of (1) the task of generating a specification that matches a held-out…

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in automated software engineering, yet their guarantee of correctness is frequently undermined by erroneous or hallucinated code. To enforce model honesty, formal verification requires LLMs to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Md Erfan , Md Kamal Hossain Chowdhury , Ahmed Ryan , Md Rayhanur Rahman

Large language models (LLMs) can generate code from natural language, but the extent to which they capture intended program behavior remains unclear. Executable behavioral specifications, defined via preconditions and postconditions,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zaoyu Chen , Jianbo Dai , Boyu Zhu , Jingdong Wang , Huiming Wang , Xin Xu , Haoyang Yuan , Zhijiang Guo , Xiao-Ming Wu

Interactive proof assistants are computer programs carefully constructed to check a human-designed proof of a mathematical claim with high confidence in the implementation. However, this only validates truth of a formal claim, which may…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Colin S. Gordon , Sergey Matskevich

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from static instruction-followers to autonomous agents necessitates operating within complex, stateful environments to achieve precise state-transition objectives. However, this paradigm is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yucheng Zeng , Weipeng Lu , Linyun Liu , Shupeng Li , Zitian Qu , Chenghao Zhu , Shaofei Li , Zhengdong Tan , Mengyue Liu , Haotian Zhao , Zhe Zhou , Jianmin Wu

The paper studies how code generation by LLMs can be combined with formal verification to produce critical embedded software. The first contribution is a general framework, spec2code, in which LLMs are combined with different types of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Minal Suresh Patil , Gustav Ung , Mattias Nyberg

Large language models have achieved striking results in interactive theorem proving, particularly in Lean. However, most benchmarks for LLM-based proof automation are drawn from mathematics in the Mathlib ecosystem, whereas proofs in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yutong Xin , Qiaochu Chen , Greg Durrett , Işil Dillig