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Large language models (LLMs) generate human-aligned content under certain safety constraints. However, the current known technique ``jailbreak prompt'' can circumvent safety-aligned measures and induce LLMs to output malicious content.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Xi Wang , Songlei Jian , Shasha Li , Xiaopeng Li , Bin Ji , Jun Ma , Xiaodong Liu , Jing Wang , Feilong Bao , Jianfeng Zhang , Baosheng Wang , Jie Yu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) extend text-only LLMs with visual reasoning, but also introduce new safety failure modes under visually grounded instructions. We study comic-template jailbreaks that embed harmful goals inside…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Rui Yang Tan , Yujia Hu , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Safety prompts constitute an interpretable layer of defense against jailbreak attacks in vision-language models (VLMs); however, their efficacy is constrained by the models' latent structural responsiveness. We observe that such prompts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Chongxin Li , Hanzhang Wang , Lian Duan

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have significantly advanced beyond traditional Large Language Models (LLMs) with their exceptional logical reasoning capabilities, yet these improvements introduce heightened safety risks. When subjected to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yang Yao , Xuan Tong , Ruofan Wang , Yixu Wang , Lujundong Li , Liang Liu , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

Jailbreaking attacks can enable Large Language Models (LLMs) to bypass the safeguard and generate harmful content. Existing jailbreaking defense methods have failed to address the fundamental issue that harmful knowledge resides within the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Weikai Lu , Ziqian Zeng , Jianwei Wang , Zhengdong Lu , Zelin Chen , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen

The inherent risk of generating harmful and unsafe content by Large Language Models (LLMs), has highlighted the need for their safety alignment. Various techniques like supervised fine-tuning, reinforcement learning from human feedback, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Kalyan Nakka , Nitesh Saxena

Large language models (LLMs), despite being safety-aligned, exhibit brittle refusal behaviors that can be circumvented by simple linguistic changes. As tense jailbreaking demonstrates that models refusing harmful requests often comply when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yein Park , Jungwoo Park , Jaewoo Kang

Speech Language Models (SLMs) enable natural interactions via spoken instructions, which more effectively capture user intent by detecting nuances in speech. The richer speech signal introduces new security risks compared to text-based…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-17 Amirbek Djanibekov , Nurdaulet Mukhituly , Kentaro Inui , Hanan Aldarmaki , Nils Lukas

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to be vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. An important observation is that, while different types of jailbreak attacks can generate significantly different queries, they mostly result in similar responses…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zhexin Zhang , Junxiao Yang , Yida Lu , Pei Ke , Shiyao Cui , Chujie Zheng , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are vulnerable to a growing array of multimodal jailbreak attacks, necessitating defenses that are both generalizable to novel threats and efficient for practical deployment. Many current strategies fall…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Peichun Hua , Hao Li , Shanghao Shi , Zhiyuan Yu , Ning Zhang

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) often hallucinate objects that are not present in the input image, largely because visual grounding weakens as decoding progresses. Existing inference-time mitigation methods modify logits or hidden…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Soumyadeep Jana , Pulkit Mittal , Sanasam Ranbir Singh

Despite extensive safety-tuning, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks via adversarially crafted instructions, reflecting a persistent trade-off between safety and task performance. In this work, we propose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Wei Jie Yeo , Ranjan Satapathy , Erik Cambria

Steering, or direct manipulation of internal activations to guide LLM responses toward specific semantic concepts, is emerging as a promising avenue for both understanding how semantic concepts are stored within LLMs and advancing LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Parmida Davarmanesh , Ashia Wilson , Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan

Vision-language models (VLMs) extend large language models (LLMs) with vision encoders, enabling text generation conditioned on both images and text. However, this multimodal integration expands the attack surface by exposing the model to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Kaiyuan Cui , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Xingjun Ma , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie , Hanxun Huang

With the integration of an additional modality, large vision-language models (LVLMs) exhibit greater vulnerability to safety risks (e.g., jailbreaking) compared to their language-only predecessors. Although recent studies have devoted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Ziwei Zheng , Junyao Zhao , Le Yang , Lijun He , Fan Li

Recent advances in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in solving complex tasks such as mathematics and coding. However, these models frequently exhibit a phenomenon known as overthinking during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yao Huang , Huanran Chen , Shouwei Ruan , Yichi Zhang , Xingxing Wei , Yinpeng Dong

The rapid proliferation of LLM-based autonomous agents in real operating system environments introduces a new category of safety risk beyond content safety: behavior jailbreak, where an adversary induces an agent to execute dangerous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chiyu Zhang , Huiqin Yang , Bendong Jiang , Xiaolei Zhang , Yiran Zhao , Ruyi Chen , Lu Zhou , Xiaogang Xu , Jiafei Wu , Liming Fang , Zhe Liu

While significant attention has been dedicated to exploiting weaknesses in LLMs through jailbreaking attacks, there remains a paucity of effort in defending against these attacks. We point out a pivotal factor contributing to the success of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhexin Zhang , Junxiao Yang , Pei Ke , Fei Mi , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Despite the widespread application of large language models (LLMs) across various tasks, recent studies indicate that they are susceptible to jailbreak attacks, which can render their defense mechanisms ineffective. However, previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Jiawei Chen , Xiao Yang , Zhengwei Fang , Yu Tian , Yinpeng Dong , Zhaoxia Yin , Hang Su

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak prompts that are fluent and semantically coherent, and therefore difficult to detect with standard heuristics. A particularly challenging failure mode occurs when an attacker tries…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Amirhossein Farzam , Majid Behabahani , Mani Malek , Yuriy Nevmyvaka , Guillermo Sapiro