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Surrogate gradients are a standard tool for training spiking neural networks (SNNs), but conventional hard forward or surrogate backward training couples a nonsmooth forward model with a biased gradient estimator. We study sharpness aware…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Maximilian Nicholson

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer inherent advantages for low-power inference through sparse, event-driven computation. However, the theoretical energy benefits of SNNs are often decoupled from real hardware performance due to the opaque…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Ilkin Aliyev , Jesus Lopez , Tosiron Adegbija

Neuromorphic computing systems are set to revolutionize energy-constrained robotics by achieving orders-of-magnitude efficiency gains, while enabling native temporal processing. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) represent a promising…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Korneel Van den Berghe , Stein Stroobants , Vijay Janapa Reddi , G. C. H. E. de Croon

Brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have attracted much attention due to their event-based computing and energy-efficient features. However, the spiking all-or-none nature has prevented direct training of SNNs for various…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Yang Li , Feifei Zhao , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng

The highly sparse activations in Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) can provide tremendous energy efficiency benefits when carefully exploited in hardware. The behavior of sparsity in SNNs is uniquely shaped by the dataset and training…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Ilkin Aliyev , Tosiron Adegbija

Recently, brain-inspired spiking neuron networks (SNNs) have attracted widespread research interest because of their event-driven and energy-efficient characteristics. Still, it is difficult to efficiently train deep SNNs due to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Shikuang Deng , Yuhang Li , Shanghang Zhang , Shi Gu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) utilize spike-based activations to mimic the brain's energy-efficient information processing. However, the binary and discontinuous nature of spike activations causes vanishing gradients, making adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jihang Wang , Dongcheng Zhao , Ruolin Chen , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

Computation using brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) with neuromorphic hardware may offer orders of magnitude higher energy efficiency compared to the current analog neural networks (ANNs). Unfortunately, training SNNs with the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Eimantas Ledinauskas , Julius Ruseckas , Alfonsas Juršėnas , Giedrius Buračas

Adaptive "life-long" learning at the edge and during online task performance is an aspirational goal of AI research. Neuromorphic hardware implementing Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are particularly attractive in this regard, as their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Kenneth Stewart , Emre Neftci

Neuromorphic hardware implementations of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise energy-efficient, low-latency AI through sparse, event-driven computation. Yet, training SNNs under fine temporal discretization remains a major challenge,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Roel Koopman , Sebastian Otte , Sander Bohté

By driving models to converge to flat minima, sharpness-aware learning algorithms (such as SAM) have shown the power to achieve state-of-the-art performances. However, these algorithms will generally incur one extra forward-backward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Yang Zhao , Hao Zhang , Xiuyuan Hu

The recently proposed Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) improves generalization by minimizing a \textit{perturbed loss} defined as the maximum loss within a neighborhood in the parameter space. However, we show that both sharp and flat…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Juntang Zhuang , Boqing Gong , Liangzhe Yuan , Yin Cui , Hartwig Adam , Nicha Dvornek , Sekhar Tatikonda , James Duncan , Ting Liu

As the scales of neural networks increase, techniques that enable them to run with low computational cost and energy efficiency are required. From such demands, various efficient neural network paradigms, such as spiking neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Kazuma Suetake , Shin-ichi Ikegawa , Ryuji Saiin , Yoshihide Sawada

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are being explored for their potential energy efficiency resulting from sparse, event-driven computations. Many recent works have demonstrated effective backpropagation for deep Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Jason M. Allred , Steven J. Spencer , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Kaushik Roy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), recognized as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs), have advanced rapidly through the scaling of models and datasets. However, such scaling incurs considerable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chenxiang Ma , Xinyi Chen , Yujie Wu , Kay Chen Tan , Jibin Wu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) operate with asynchronous discrete events (or spikes) which can potentially lead to higher energy-efficiency in neuromorphic hardware implementations. Many works have shown that an SNN for inference can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Nitin Rathi , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Priyadarshini Panda , Kaushik Roy

As an emerging network model, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have aroused significant research attentions in recent years. However, the energy-efficient binary spikes do not augur well with gradient descent-based training approaches.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Siqi Wang , Tee Hiang Cheng , Meng-Hiot Lim

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer a promising energy-efficient alternative to artificial neural networks (ANNs), in virtue of their high biological plausibility, rich spatial-temporal dynamics, and event-driven computation. The direct…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Chenlin Zhou , Han Zhang , Liutao Yu , Yumin Ye , Zhaokun Zhou , Liwei Huang , Zhengyu Ma , Xiaopeng Fan , Huihui Zhou , Yonghong Tian

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise orders-of-magnitude efficiency gains by communicating with sparse, event-driven spikes rather than dense numerical activations. However, most training pipelines either rely on surrogate-gradient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Arman Ferdowsi , Atakan Aral

Deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) support asynchronous event-driven computation, massive parallelism and demonstrate great potential to improve the energy efficiency of its synchronous analog counterpart. However, insufficient attention…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Jibin Wu , Yansong Chua , Malu Zhang , Qu Yang , Guoqi Li , Haizhou Li
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