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Recently, there has been a growing trend of employing large language models (LLMs) to judge the quality of other LLMs. Many studies have adopted closed-source models, mainly using GPT-4 as the evaluator. However, due to the closed-source…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yijie Li , Yuan Sun

LLM-as-a-judge approaches have emerged as a scalable solution for evaluating model behaviors, yet they rely on evaluation criteria often created by a single individual, embedding that person's assumptions, priorities, and interpretive lens.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Charles Chiang , Simret Gebreegziabher , Annalisa Szymanski , Yukun Yang , Hyo Jin Do , Zahra Ashktorab , Werner Geyer , Toby Li , Diego Gomez-Zara

Autoformalization plays a crucial role in formal mathematical reasoning by enabling the automatic translation of natural language statements into formal languages. While recent advances using large language models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Lan Zhang , Marco Valentino , Andre Freitas

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as scalable evaluators of model outputs, but their preference judgments exhibit systematic biases and can diverge from human evaluations. Prior work on LLM-as-a-judge has largely focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 James Wedgwood , Chhavi Yadav , Virginia Smith

Automatic evaluation with large language models, commonly known as LLM-as-a-judge, is now standard across reasoning and alignment tasks. Despite evaluating many samples in deployment, these evaluators typically (i) treat each case…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Seungyeon Jwa , Daechul Ahn , Reokyoung Kim , Dongyeop Kang , Jonghyun Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used as judges to evaluate response quality, providing a scalable alternative to human evaluation. However, most LLM judges operate solely on intrinsic text-based reasoning, limiting their ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Ran Xu , Jingjing Chen , Jiayu Ye , Yu Wu , Jun Yan , Carl Yang , Hongkun Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated near-human performance in summarization tasks based on traditional metrics such as ROUGE and BERTScore. However, these metrics do not adequately capture critical aspects of summarization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yeonseok Jeong , Minsoo Kim , Seung-won Hwang , Byung-Hak Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed as evaluators (LLM-as-a-Judge) for assessing the quality of machine-generated text. This paradigm offers scalability and cost-effectiveness compared to human annotation. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Narek Maloyan , Bislan Ashinov , Dmitry Namiot

This paper presents an improved LLM based model for Grammatical Error Detection (GED), which is a very challenging and equally important problem for many applications. The traditional approach to GED involved hand-designed features, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Rahul Nihalani , Kushal Shah

The BERT model has arisen as a popular state-of-the-art machine learning model in the recent years that is able to cope with multiple NLP tasks such as supervised text classification without human supervision. Its flexibility to cope with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Santiago González-Carvajal , Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán

Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

Recent studies have highlighted the significant potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as zero-shot relevance rankers. These methods predominantly utilize prompt learning to assess the relevance between queries and documents by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Dezhi Ye , Junwei Hu , Jiabin Fan , Bowen Tian , Jie Liu , Haijin Liang , Jin Ma

The multilingual BERT model is trained on 104 languages and meant to serve as a universal language model and tool for encoding sentences. We explore how well the model performs on several languages across several tasks: a diagnostic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Samuel Rönnqvist , Jenna Kanerva , Tapio Salakoski , Filip Ginter

The paradigm of LLM-as-a-judge is emerging as a scalable and efficient alternative to human evaluation, demonstrating strong performance on well-defined tasks. However, its reliability in open-ended tasks with dynamic environments and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Chunyang Li , Yilun Zheng , Xinting Huang , Tianqing Fang , Jiahao Xu , Lihui Chen , Yangqiu Song , Han Hu

Current IR evaluation is based on relevance judgments, created either manually or automatically, with decisions outsourced to Large Language Models (LLMs). We offer an alternative paradigm, that never relies on relevance judgments in any…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a framework in which a Generator, such as a Large Language Model (LLM), produces answers by retrieving documents from an external collection using a Retriever. In practice, Generators must integrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Koki Itai , Shunichi Hasegawa , Yuta Yamamoto , Gouki Minegishi , Masaki Otsuki

Automatic evaluation of retrieval augmented generation (RAG) systems relies on fine-grained dimensions like faithfulness and relevance, as judged by expert human annotators. Meta-evaluation benchmarks support the development of automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 María Andrea Cruz Blandón , Jayasimha Talur , Bruno Charron , Dong Liu , Saab Mansour , Marcello Federico

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been increasingly used as automatic evaluators-a paradigm known as MLLM-as-a-Judge. However, their reliability and vulnerabilities to biases remain underexplored. We find that many MLLM judges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Sua Lee , Sanghee Park , Jinbae Im

Question answering (QA) can only make progress if we know if an answer is correct, but current answer correctness (AC) metrics struggle with verbose, free-form answers from large language models (LLMs). There are two challenges with current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zongxia Li , Ishani Mondal , Yijun Liang , Huy Nghiem , Jordan Lee Boyd-Graber

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) in diverse and challenging scenarios is essential to align them with human preferences. To mitigate the prohibitive costs associated with human evaluations, utilizing a powerful LLM as a judge has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Tianjun Wei , Wei Wen , Ruizhi Qiao , Xing Sun , Jianghong Ma