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Digital radio arrays have become an effective tool to measure air showers at energies around and above 100 PeV. Compared to optical techniques, the radio technique is not restricted to clear nights. Thanks to recent progress on…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-04-28 Frank G. Schröder

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory is a ground based air-shower array deployed on the slopes of Volcan Sierra Negra in the state of Puebla, Mexico. While HAWC is optimized for the detection of gamma-ray induced…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-14 Zigfried Hampel-Arias , Stefan Westerhoff

At present the ground-based Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray astronomy is racing to complete construction of a number of modern gamma-ray detectors, i.e. CANGAROO III, MAGIC, H.E.S.S., and VERITAS. They should be fully operational in a…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 A. Konopelko

In the atmospheric Cerenkov technique gamma rays are detected against the abundant background produced by hadronic showers. In order to improve the signal to noise ratio of the experiment, it is necessary to reject a significant fraction of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-08-17 V. R. Chitnis , P. N. Bhat

Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs) are essential to ground-based observations of gamma rays in the GeV to TeV regime. One particular challenge of ground-based gamma-ray astronomy is an effective rejection of the hadronic background.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-08 Jonas Glombitza , Vikas Joshi , Benedetta Bruno , Stefan Funk

The H.E.S.S. experiment entered its phase II with the addition of a new, large telescope named CT 5 that was added to the centre of the existing array of four smaller telescopes. The new telescope is able to detect fainter air showers due…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-09-03 Thomas Murach , Michael Gajdus , Robert Daniel Parsons

The Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next generation of ground-based observatories employing the imaging air Cherenkov technique for the study of very high energy gamma rays. The software Gammalearn proposes to apply Deep…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-12 Tom François , Justine Talpaert , Thomas Vuillaume

In the past few years gamma-ray astronomy has entered a golden age. A modern suite of telescopes is now scanning the sky over both hemispheres and over six orders of magnitude in energy. At $\sim$TeV energies, only a handful of sources were…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 J. Vandenbroucke

Event reconstruction is a central step in many particle physics experiments, turning detector observables into parameter estimates; for example estimating the energy of an interaction given the sensor readout of a detector. A corresponding…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-01-11 Philipp Eller , Aaron Fienberg , Jan Weldert , Garrett Wendel , Sebastian Böser , D. F. Cowen

A photon induced shower at $E_{prim}\ge 10^{18}$ eV exhibits very specific features and is different from a hadronic one. At such energies, the LPM effect delays in average the first interactions of the photon in the atmosphere and hence…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Pierre Billoir , Cecile Roucelle , Jean-Christophe Hamilton

We propose to explore the so-far poorly measured cosmic ray and gamma-ray sky (accelerator sky) in the energy range from 10 TeV to 1 EeV. New physics questions might be addressed in this last remaining observation window of gamma-ray…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2009-09-03 M. Tluczykont , T. Kneiske , D. Hampf , D. Horns

Next-generation air-shower detectors, such as the Global Cosmic Ray Observatory (GCOS) and the Probing Extreme PeVatron Sources (PEPS) experiment, are considering water-Cherenkov detectors as a base design. A key factor in improving the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-27 Pierre Billoir , Benjamin Flaggs , Ioana C. Mariş , Andrea Parenti

The KM3NeT research infrastructure is currently under construction at two locations in the Mediterranean Sea. The KM3NeT/ORCA water-Cherenkov neutrino detector off the French coast will instrument several megatons of seawater with…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-13 Sebastiano Aiello , Arnauld Albert , Sergio Alves Garre , Zineb Aly , Fabrizio Ameli , Michel Andre , Giorgos Androulakis , Marco Anghinolfi , Mancia Anguita , Gisela Anton , Miquel Ardid , Julien Aublin , Christos Bagatelas , Giancarlo Barbarino , Bruny Baret , Suzan Basegmez du Pree , Meriem Bendahman , Edward Berbee , Vincent Bertin , Simone Biagi , Andrea Biagioni , Matthias Bissinger , Markus Boettcher , Jihad Boumaaza , Mohammed Bouta , Mieke Bouwhuis , Cristiano Bozza , Horea Branzas , Ronald Bruijn , Jürgen Brunner , Ernst-Jan Buis , Raffaele Buompane , Jose Busto , Barbara Caiffi , David Calvo , Antonio Capone , Víctor Carretero , Paolo Castaldi , Silvia Celli , Mohamed Chabab , Nhan Chau , Andrew Chen , Silvio Cherubini , Vitaliano Chiarella , Tommaso Chiarusi , Marco Circella , Rosanna Cocimano , Joao Coelho , Alexis Coleiro , Marta Colomer Molla , Rosa Coniglione , Paschal Coyle , Alexandre Creusot , Giacomo Cuttone , Antonio D'Onofrio , Richard Dallier , Maarten de Jong , Paul de Jong , Mauro De Palma , Gwenhaël de Wasseige , Els de Wolf , Irene Di Palma , Antonio Diaz , Dídac Diego-Tortosa , Carla Distefano , Alba Domi , Roberto Donà , Corinne Donzaud , Damien Dornic , Manuel Dörr , Doriane Drouhin , Thomas Eberl , Imad El Bojaddaini , Dominik Elsaesser , Alexander Enzenhöfer , Paolo Fermani , Giovanna Ferrara , Miroslav Filipovic , Francesco Filippini , Luigi Antonio Fusco , Omar Gabella , Tamas Gal , Alfonso Andres Garcia Soto , Fabio Garufi , Yoann Gatelet , Nicole Geißelbrecht , Lucio Gialanella , Emidio Giorgio , Sara Rebecca Gozzini , Rodrigo Gracia , Kay Graf , Dario Grasso , Giuseppe Grella , Carlo Guidi , Steffen Hallmann , Hassane Hamdaoui , Aart Heijboer , Amar Hekalo , Juan-Jose Hernandez-Rey , Jannik Hofestädt , Feifei Huang , Walid Idrissi Ibnsalih , Giulia Illuminati , Clancy James , Bouke Jisse Jung , Matthias Kadler , Piotr Kalaczyński , Oleg Kalekin , Uli Katz , Nafis Rezwan Khan Chowdhury , Giorgi Kistauri , Els Koffeman , Paul Kooijman , Antoine Kouchner , Michael Kreter , Vladimir Kulikovskiy , Robert Lahmann , Giuseppina Larosa , Remy Le Breton , Ornella Leonardi , Francesco Leone , Emanuele Leonora , Giuseppe Levi , Massimiliano Lincetto , Miles Lindsey Clark , Thomas Lipreau , Alessandro Lonardo , Fabio Longhitano , Daniel Lopez Coto , Lukas Maderer , Jerzy Mańczak , Karl Mannheim , Annarita Margiotta , Antonio Marinelli , Christos Markou , Lilian Martin , Juan Antonio Martínez-Mora , Agnese Martini , Fabio Marzaioli , Stefano Mastroianni , Safaa Mazzou , Karel Melis , Gennaro Miele , Pasquale Migliozzi , Emilio Migneco , Piotr Mijakowski , Luis Salvador Miranda Palacios , Carlos Maximiliano Mollo , Mauro Morganti , Michael Moser , Abdelilah Moussa , Rasa Muller , Mario Musumeci , Lodewijk Nauta , Sergio Navas , Carlo Alessandro Nicolau , Brían Ó Fearraigh , Mukharbek Organokov , Angelo Orlando , Gogita Papalashvili , Riccardo Papaleo , Cosimo Pastore , Alice Paun , Gabriela Emilia Pavalas , Carmelo Pellegrino , Mathieu Perrin-Terrin , Paolo Piattelli , Camiel Pieterse , Konstantinos Pikounis , Ofelia Pisanti , Chiara Poirè , Vlad Popa , Maarten Post , Thierry Pradier , Gerd Pühlhofer , Sara Pulvirenti , Omphile Rabyang , Fabrizio Raffaelli , Nunzio Randazzo , Antonio Rapicavoli , Soebur Razzaque , Diego Real , Stefan Reck , Giorgio Riccobene , Marc Richer , Stephane Rivoire , Alberto Rovelli , Francisco Salesa Greus , Dorothea Franziska Elisabeth Samtleben , Agustín Sánchez Losa , Matteo Sanguineti , Andrea Santangelo , Domenico Santonocito , Piera Sapienza , Jutta Schnabel , Jordan Seneca , Irene Sgura , Rezo Shanidze , Ankur Sharma , Francesco Simeone , Anna Sinopoulou , Bernardino Spisso , Maurizio Spurio , Dimitris Stavropoulos , Jos Steijger , Simona Maria Stellacci , Mauro Taiuti , Yahya Tayalati , Enrique Tenllado , Tarak Thakore , Steven Tingay , Ekaterini Tzamariudaki , Dimitrios Tzanetatos , Ad van den Berg , Frits van der Knaap , Daan van Eijk , Véronique Van Elewyck , Hans van Haren , Godefroy Vannoye , George Vasileiadis , Federico Versari , Salvatore Viola , Daniele Vivolo , Joern Wilms , Rafał Wojaczyński , Dmitry Zaborov , Sandra Zavatarelli , Angela Zegarelli , Daniele Zito , Juan-de-Dios Zornoza , Juan Zúñiga , Natalia Zywucka

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is planned to be the next generation ground based observatory for very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray astronomy. Gamma-rays provide a powerful insight into the non-thermal universe and hopefully a unique…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-06-28 Ciro Bigongiari

The Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes aims to deploy an array of simplified, autonomous fluorescence telescopes over an area of $\sim60,000$ km$^{2}$ to observe ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The unprecedented size of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-28 Fraser Bradfield

Water Cherenkov detectors like Super-Kamiokande, and the next generation Hyper-Kamiokande are adding gadolinium to their water to improve the detection of neutrons. By detecting neutrons in addition to the leptons in neutrino interactions,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-01-16 Blair Jamieson , Matt Stubbs , Sheela Ramanna , John Walker , Nick Prouse , Ryosuke Akutsu , Patrick de Perio , Wojciech Fedorko

Any considerations on propagation of particles through the Universe must involve particle interactions: processes leading to production of particle cascades. While one expects existence of such cascades, the state of the art cosmic-ray…

We present a high-performance event reconstruction algorithm: an Image Pixel-wise fit for Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (ImPACT). The reconstruction algorithm is based around the likelihood fitting of camera pixel amplitudes to an…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2014-05-20 R. D. Parsons , J. A. Hinton

ANTARES is currently the largest undersea neutrino telescope, located in the Mediterranean Sea and taking data since 2007. It consists of a 3D array of photo sensors, instrumenting about 10Mt of seawater to detect Cherenkov light induced by…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-27 J. García-Méndez , N. Geißelbrecht , T. Eberl , M. Ardid , S. Ardid

This paper presents several approaches to deal with the problem of identifying muons in a water Cherenkov detector with a reduced water volume and 4 PMTs. Different perspectives of information representation are used and new features are…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-01-29 B. S. González , R. Conceição , M. Pimenta , B. Tomé , A. Guillén