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The secure command and control (C&C) of mobile agents arises in various settings including unmanned aerial vehicles, single pilot operations in commercial settings, and mobile robots to name a few. As more and more of these applications get…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Richa Varma , Chris Melville , Claudio Pinello , Tuhin Sahai

Vision-language-action (VLA) models have emerged as generalist robotic controllers capable of mapping visual observations and natural language instructions to continuous action sequences. However, VLAs provide no calibrated measure of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Lingling Chen , Zongyao Lyu , William J. Beksi

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AV) requires rigorous testing under both everyday driving and rare, safety-critical conditions. A key challenge lies in simulating environment agents, including background vehicles (BVs) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Qiujing Lu , Xuanhan Wang , Runze Yuan , Wei Lu , Xinyi Gong , Shuo Feng

With the wide application of multimodal foundation models in intelligent agent systems, scenarios such as mobile device control, intelligent assistant interaction, and multimodal task execution are gradually relying on such large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Siyuan Liang , Tianmeng Fang , Zhe Liu , Aishan Liu , Yan Xiao , Jinyuan He , Ee-Chien Chang , Xiaochun Cao

Computer-using agents (CUAs) act directly on graphical user interfaces, yet their perception of the screen is often unreliable. Existing work largely treats these failures as performance limitations, asking whether an action succeeds,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xunzhuo Liu , Bowei He , Xue Liu , Andy Luo , Haichen Zhang , Huamin Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in high-level reasoning and semantic understanding, applying them directly to contact-rich manipulation remains a challenge due to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Berk Çiçek , Mert K. Er , Ozgur S. Oguz

Computer-use agents(CUAs)are moving frombounded benchmarks toward real software environments, wherethey operate browsers, desktops, mobile applications, flesystems,terminals, and tool backends. In such settings, reliability isno longer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Zejian Chen , Zhanyuan Liu , Chaozhuo Li , Mengxiang Han , Songyang Liu , Litian Zhang , Feng Gao , Yiming Hei , Xi Zhang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have emerged as a revolutionary approach to automating human-machine interactions, capable of autonomously operating personal devices (e.g., mobile…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ziang Ye , Yang Zhang , Wentao Shi , Xiaoyu You , Fuli Feng , Tat-Seng Chua

LLM agents emit actions, not just text, and once taken, those actions often cannot be undone. Yet today's agent-safety evaluations run greedy or a few sampled rollouts and report a single safe/unsafe rate -- blind to the long-tail…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shuyi Lin , Anshuman Suri , Alina Oprea , Cheng Tan

Smartphone GUI agents execute tasks by operating directly on app interfaces, offering a path to broad capability without deep system integration. However, real-world smartphone use is highly personalized: users adopt diverse workflows and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hongyi Nie , Xunyuan Liu , Yudong Bai , Yaqing Wang , Yang Liu , Quanming Yao , Zhen Wang

Vision-language model-based mobile agents have gained the ability to understand complex instructions and mobile screenshots, benefiting from reinforcement learning paradigms like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jihao Gu , Qihang Ai , Yingyao Wang , Pi Bu , Jingxuan Xing , Zekun Zhu , Wei Jiang , Ziming Wang , Yingxiu Zhao , Ming-Liang Zhang , Jun Song , Yuning Jiang , Bo Zheng

LLM-based agentic systems are rapidly evolving to perform complex autonomous tasks through dynamic tool invocation, stateful memory management, and multi-agent collaboration. However, this semantics-driven execution paradigm creates a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chaofan Li , Lyuye Zhang , Jintao Zhai , Siyue Feng , Xichun Yang , Huahao Wang , Shihan Dou , Yu Ji , Yutao Hu , Yueming Wu , Yang Liu , Deqing Zou

Multi-agent cyber-physical systems are present in a variety of applications. Agent decision-making can be affected due to errors induced by uncertain, dynamic operating environments or due to incorrect actions taken by an agent. When an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-29 Luyao Niu , Hongchao Zhang , Dinuka Sahabandu , Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Andrew Clark , Radha Poovendran

Autonomous agents that operate computers via Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) often struggle with efficiency and reliability on complex, long-horizon tasks. While augmenting these agents with planners can improve task decomposition, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Linxin Song , Yutong Dai , Viraj Prabhu , Jieyu Zhang , Taiwei Shi , Li Li , Junnan Li , Silvio Savarese , Zeyuan Chen , Jieyu Zhao , Ran Xu , Caiming Xiong

Mobile agents show immense potential, yet current state-of-the-art (SoTA) agents exhibit inadequate success rates on real-world, long-horizon, cross-application tasks. We attribute this bottleneck to the agents' excessive reliance on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuxiang Zhou , Jichang Li , Yanhao Zhang , Haonan Lu , Guanbin Li

When a phone-use agent avoids harm, does that show safety, or simply inability to act? Existing evaluations often cannot tell. A harmful outcome may be avoided because the agent recognized the risk and chose the safe action, or because it…

Due to the trial-and-error nature, it is typically challenging to apply RL algorithms to safety-critical real-world applications, such as autonomous driving, human-robot interaction, robot manipulation, etc, where such errors are not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Weiye Zhao , Yifan Sun , Feihan Li , Rui Chen , Ruixuan Liu , Tianhao Wei , Changliu Liu

With VLM-powered computer-using agents (CUAs) becoming increasingly capable at graphical user interface (GUI) navigation and manipulation, reliable step-level decision-making has emerged as a key bottleneck for real-world deployment. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Zhenyu Wu , Jingjing Xie , Zehao Li , Bowen Yang , Qiushi Sun , Zhaoyang Liu , Zhoumianze Liu , Yu Qiao , Xiangyu Yue , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding

We introduce GUI-360$^\circ$, a large-scale, comprehensive dataset and benchmark suite designed to advance computer-using agents (CUAs). CUAs present unique challenges and is constrained by three persistent gaps: a scarcity of real-world…

Large language model (LLM)-based computer-use agents represent a convergence of AI and OS capabilities, enabling natural language to control system- and application-level functions. However, due to LLMs' inherent uncertainty issues,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Haochen Gong , Chenxiao Li , Rui Chang , Wenbo Shen