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The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant advances in natural language processing and text generation. However, the energy consumed through LLM model inference remains a major challenge for sustainable AI…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Grant Wilkins , Srinivasan Keshav , Richard Mortier

Large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity due to their new generative capabilities that go far beyond prior state-of-the-art. These technologies are increasingly being leveraged in various domains such as law, finance, and…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in production, contributing towards shifting the burden in terms of computational resources and energy demands from training to inference. While prior work has examined the energy cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Julien Delavande , Regis Pierrard , Sasha Luccioni

Both the training and use of Large Language Models (LLMs) require large amounts of energy. Their increasing popularity, therefore, raises critical concerns regarding the energy efficiency and sustainability of data centers that host them.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Grant Wilkins , Srinivasan Keshav , Richard Mortier

The rapid expansion of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced unprecedented energy demands, extending beyond training to large-scale inference workloads that often dominate total lifecycle consumption. Deploying these models requires…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Francisco Caravaca , Ángel Cuevas , Rubén Cuevas

As large language models (LLMs) scale in size and adoption, their computational and environmental costs continue to rise. Prior benchmarking efforts have primarily focused on latency reduction in idealized settings, often overlooking the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Jared Fernandez , Clara Na , Vashisth Tiwari , Yonatan Bisk , Sasha Luccioni , Emma Strubell

We present EnergyLens, an end-to-end framework for energy-aware large language model (LLM) inference optimization. As LLMs scale, predicting and reducing their energy footprint has become critical for sustainability and datacenter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zhiye Song , Kyungmi Lee , Eun Kyung Lee , Xin Zhang , Tamar Eilam , Anantha P. Chandrakasan

Large language model (LLM) inference has become a dominant workload in modern data centers, driving significant GPU utilization and energy consumption. While prior systems optimize throughput and latency by batching, scheduling, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Can Hankendi , Rana Shahout , Minlan Yu , Ayse K. Coskun

With the ubiquitous use of modern large language models (LLMs) across industries, the inference serving for these models is ever expanding. Given the high compute and memory requirements of modern LLMs, more and more top-of-the-line GPUs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jovan Stojkovic , Esha Choukse , Chaojie Zhang , Inigo Goiri , Josep Torrellas

Most Large Language Models (LLMs) are currently deployed in the cloud, with users relying on internet connectivity for access. However, this paradigm faces challenges such as network latency, privacy concerns, and bandwidth limits. Thus,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Hao Xu , Long Peng , Shezheng Song , Xiaodong Liu , Ma Jun , Shasha Li , Jie Yu , Xiaoguang Mao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications forming multi-request workflows like document summarization, search-based copilots, and multi-agent programming. While these workflows unlock richer functionality, they also…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Md. Monzurul Amin Ifath , Israat Haque

Energy is now a critical ML computing resource. While measuring energy consumption and observing trends is a valuable first step, accurately understanding and diagnosing why those differences occur is crucial for optimization. To that end,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Jae-Won Chung , Ruofan Wu , Jeff J. Ma , Mosharaf Chowdhury

The prevalence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is having an growing impact on the climate due to the substantial energy required for their deployment and use. To create awareness for developers who are implementing LLMs in their products,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-12 K. Pronk , Q. Zhao

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) inference is central to modern AI applications, dominating worldwide datacenter workloads, making it critical to predict its energy footprint. Existing approaches estimate energy consumption as a simple linear…

The rapid evolution and widespread adoption of generative large language models (LLMs) have made them a pivotal workload in various applications. Today, LLM inference clusters receive a large number of queries with strict Service Level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Jovan Stojkovic , Chaojie Zhang , Íñigo Goiri , Josep Torrellas , Esha Choukse

Large language model (LLM) services now answer billions of queries per day, and industry reports show that inference, not training, accounts for more than 90% of total power consumption. However, existing benchmarks focus on either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Chenxu Niu , Wei Zhang , Jie Li , Yongjian Zhao , Tongyang Wang , Xi Wang , Yong Chen

LLM inference exhibits substantial variability across queries and execution phases, yet inference configurations are often applied uniformly. We present a measurement-driven characterization of workload heterogeneity and energy-performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Paul Joe Maliakel , Shashikant Ilager , Ivona Brandic

As Large Language Models (LLMs) gain traction, their reliance on power-hungry GPUs places ever-increasing energy demands, raising environmental and monetary concerns. Inference dominates LLM workloads, presenting a critical challenge for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Andreas Kosmas Kakolyris , Dimosthenis Masouros , Petros Vavaroutsos , Sotirios Xydis , Dimitrios Soudris

Large language models have become central to many AI applications, but their growing energy consumption raises serious sustainability concerns. A key limitation in current AI deployments is the reliance on a one-size-fits-all inference…

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