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Most Large Language Models (LLMs) are currently deployed in the cloud, with users relying on internet connectivity for access. However, this paradigm faces challenges such as network latency, privacy concerns, and bandwidth limits. Thus,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Hao Xu , Long Peng , Shezheng Song , Xiaodong Liu , Ma Jun , Shasha Li , Jie Yu , Xiaoguang Mao

Large language model (LLM) inference has been a prevalent demand in daily life and industries. The large tensor sizes and computing complexities in LLMs have brought challenges to memory, computing, and databus. This paper proposes a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yimin Wang , Yue Jiet Chong , Xuanyao Fong

During the deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs), the autoregressive decoding phase on heterogeneous NPU platforms (e.g., Ascend 910B) faces severe memory-bound challenges. This study reveals the ``Model Scaling Paradox'' caused by the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Chen Zhang , Yan Ding , Haotian Wang , Chubo Liu , Keqin Li , Kenli Li

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with high parameter efficiency for downstream tasks has become a new paradigm. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) significantly reduces the number of trainable parameters for fine-tuning. Although it has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Jia-Chen Zhang , Yu-Jie Xiong , He-Xi Qiu , Dong-Hai Zhu , Chun-Ming Xia

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated satisfactory performance across various vision-language tasks. Current approaches for vision and language interaction fall into two categories:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Feipeng Ma , Yizhou Zhou , Zheyu Zhang , Shilin Yan , Hebei Li , Zilong He , Siying Wu , Fengyun Rao , Yueyi Zhang , Xiaoyan Sun

Large language models (LLMs) with different architectures and sizes have been developed. Serving each LLM with dedicated GPUs leads to resource waste and service inefficiency due to the varying demand of LLM requests. A common practice is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yihao Zhao , Jiadun Chen , Peng Sun , Lei Li , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Large language models (LLMs) have shown amazing capabilities in knowledge memorization and the present. However, when it comes to domain-specific knowledge and downstream tasks like medical, general LLMs are often unable to give precise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Maojun Sun

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is computationally expensive, and Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) provides a cost-effective solution by approximating weight updates through low-rank matrices. In real-world scenarios, LLMs are fine-tuned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jinda Liu , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

Since the release of GPT2-1.5B in 2019, the large language models (LLMs) have evolved from specialized deep models to versatile foundation models. While demonstrating remarkable zero-shot ability, the LLMs still require fine-tuning on local…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Yanjie Dong , Haijun Zhang , Chengming Li , Song Guo , Victor C. M. Leung , Xiping Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for natural language processing tasks, revolutionizing the field with their ability to understand and generate human-like text. As the demand for more sophisticated LLMs continues…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Christoforos Kachris

The latency and power consumption of large language models (LLMs) are major constraints when serving them across a wide spectrum of hardware platforms, from mobile edge devices to cloud GPU clusters. Benchmarking is crucial for optimizing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Hung-Yueh Chiang , Bokun Wang , Diana Marculescu

Modern software systems are subjected to various types of uncertainties arising from context, environment, etc. To this end, self-adaptation techniques have been sought out as potential solutions. Although recent advances in self-adaptation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Raghav Donakanti , Prakhar Jain , Shubham Kulkarni , Karthik Vaidhyanathan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have resulted in a surging demand for planet-scale serving systems, where tens of thousands of GPUs continuously serve hundreds of millions of users. Consequently, throughput has emerged as a key metric that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Kan Zhu , Yufei Gao , Yilong Zhao , Liangyu Zhao , Gefei Zuo , Yile Gu , Dedong Xie , Tian Tang , Qinyu Xu , Zihao Ye , Keisuke Kamahori , Chien-Yu Lin , Ziren Wang , Stephanie Wang , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Baris Kasikci

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced the state of the art in natural language processing. However, their predominant design for English or a limited set of languages creates a substantial gap in their effectiveness for low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Peiqin Lin , Shaoxiong Ji , Jörg Tiedemann , André F. T. Martins , Hinrich Schütze

Large Language Models (LLMs) have propelled groundbreaking advancements across several domains and are commonly used for text generation applications. However, the computational demands of these complex models pose significant challenges,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for software development tasks such as code completion, translation, and optimization. However, their ability to generate efficient and correct code, particularly in complex…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Bowen Cui , Tejas Ramesh , Oscar Hernandez , Keren Zhou

Large language models have become central to many AI applications, but their growing energy consumption raises serious sustainability concerns. A key limitation in current AI deployments is the reliance on a one-size-fits-all inference…

Large Language Models are growing in size, and we expect them to continue to do so, as larger models train quicker. However, this increase in size will severely impact inference costs. Therefore model compression is important, to retain the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Georgy Tyukin

Large Language Model (LLM) inference, where a trained model generates text one word at a time in response to user prompts, is a computationally intensive process requiring efficient scheduling to optimize latency and resource utilization. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Patrick Jaillet , Jiashuo Jiang , Konstantina Mellou , Marco Molinaro , Chara Podimata , Zijie Zhou

Transformer-based, pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance across diverse domains, particularly in the emerging {\em pretrain-then-finetune} paradigm. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Zhengmao Ye , Dengchun Li , Zetao Hu , Tingfeng Lan , Jian Sha , Sicong Zhang , Lei Duan , Jie Zuo , Hui Lu , Yuanchun Zhou , Mingjie Tang