Related papers: What Heats the Dense Gas in the Galactic Center?
The Galactic center is the closest region in which we can study star formation under extreme physical conditions like those in high-redshift galaxies. We measure the temperature of the dense gas in the central molecular zone (CMZ) and…
We used the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) 12 m telescope to observe the J_KaKc=3_03-2_02, 3_22-2_21, and 3_21-2_20 transitions of para-H_2CO at 218 GHz simultaneously to determine kinetic temperatures of the dense gas in the central…
The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) at the center of our Galaxy is the best template to study star formation processes under extreme conditions, similar to those in high-redshift galaxies. We observed on-the-fly maps of para-H$_{2}$CO…
Context: It is well known that the kinetic temperatures, Tkin, of the molecular clouds in the Galactic center region are higher than in typical disk clouds. However, the Tkin of the molecular complexes found at higher latitudes towards the…
We present an 11 arcsec resolution map of the central two parsecs of the Galaxy in the CO J =7->6 rotational transition. The CO emission shows rotation about Sgr A*, but also evidence for non-circular turbulent motion and a clumpy…
We mapped the kinetic temperature structure of two massive star-forming regions, N113 and N159W, in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We have used $\sim$1\hbox{$\,.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$}6\,($\sim$0.4\,pc) resolution measurements of the…
The kinetic temperature structure of the massive filament DR21 has been mapped using the IRAM 30 m telescope. This mapping employed the para-H$_2$CO triplet ($J_{\rm K_aK_c}$ = 3$_{03}$--2$_{02}$, 3$_{22}$--2$_{21}$, and 3$_{21}$--2$_{20}$)…
Context. Multitransition CO observations of galaxy centers have revealed that significant fractions of the dense circumnuclear gas have high kinetic temperatures, which are hard to explain by pure photon excitation, but may be caused by…
We mapped the kinetic temperature structure of the Orion molecular cloud 1 with para-H2CO(303-202, 322-221, and 321-220) using the APEX 12m telescope. This is compared with the temperatures derived from the ratio of the NH3(2,2)/(1,1)…
The inner 300-500 pc of the Milky Way has some of the most extreme gas conditions in our Galaxy. Physical properties of the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ), including temperature, density, thermal pressure, and turbulent pressure, are key…
We present ISO observations of several H2 pure-rotational lines (from S(0) to S(5)) towards a sample of 16 molecular clouds distributed along the central ~ 500 pc of the Galaxy. We also present C18O and 13CO J=1->0 and J=2->1 observations…
We mapped the kinetic temperature structure of Orion KL in a $\sim$20$''$ ($\sim$8000 AU) sized region with para-H$_{2}$CS $7_{07}-6_{06}$, $7_{26}-6_{25}$, and $7_{25}-6_{24}$ making use of ALMA Band 6 Science Verification data. The…
The 500 central pc of the Galaxy (hereafter GC) exhibit a widespread gas component with a kinetic temperature of 100-200 K. The bulk of this gas is not associated to the well-known thermal radio continuum or far infrared sources like Sgr A…
We present a map of the major part of the central molecular zone (CMZ) of simultaneous observations in the NH3 (J,K) = (1,1) and (2,2) lines using the Kagoshima 6-m telescope. The mapped area is -1.000 < l < 1.625 deg, -0.375 < b < +0.250…
We recently reported a population of protostellar candidates in the 20 km s$^{-1}$ cloud in the Central Molecular Zone of the Milky Way, traced by H$_2$O masers in gravitationally bound dense cores. In this paper, we report…
Multiline observations of C18O and SiO isotopomers toward 33 molecular peaks in the Galactic center region, taken at the SEST, JCMT and HHT telescopes, are presented. The C18O presumably traces the total H_2 column density, while the SiO…
The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), the closest star forming galaxy with low metallicity, provides an ideal laboratory to study star formation in such an environment. The classical dense molecular gas thermometer NH3 is rarely available in a…
We estimated physical conditions of molecular gas in the central molecular zone (CMZ) of the Galaxy, using our CO J=3-2 data obtained with the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE) in conjunction with J=1-0 12CO and 13CO data…
In order to precisely determine temperature and density of molecular gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud, we made observations of optically thin $^{13}$CO($J=3-2$) transition by using the ASTE 10m telescope toward 9 peaks where…
We investigate ionization and heating of gas in the dense, shielded clumps/cores of molecular clouds bathed by an influx of energetic, charged cosmic rays (CRs). These molecular clouds have complex structures, with substantial variation in…