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A combinatorial intervention, consisting of multiple treatments applied to a single unit with potentially interactive effects, has substantial applications in fields such as biomedicine, engineering, and beyond. Given $p$ possible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Divya Shyamal , Jiaqi Zhang , Caroline Uhler

A/B testing is the foundation of decision-making in online platforms, yet social products often suffer from network interference: user interactions cause treatment effects to spill over into the control group. Such spillovers bias causal…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xu Min , Zhaoxu Yang , Kaixuan Tan , Juan Yan , Xunbin Xiong , Zihao Zhu , Kaiyu Zhu , Fenglin Cui , Yang Yang , Sihua Yang , Jianhui Bu

Suppose an online platform wants to compare a treatment and control policy, e.g., two different matching algorithms in a ridesharing system, or two different inventory management algorithms in an online retail site. Standard randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-27 Peter Glynn , Ramesh Johari , Mohammad Rasouli

Online controlled experiments, now commonly known as A/B testing, are crucial to causal inference and data driven decision making in many internet based businesses. While a simple comparison between a treatment (the feature under test) and…

Applications · Statistics 2015-01-05 Yu Guo , Alex Deng

A/B testing, or controlled experiments, is the gold standard approach to causally compare the performance of algorithms on online platforms. However, conventional Bernoulli randomization in A/B testing faces many challenges such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Yongkang Guo , Yuan Yuan , Jinshan Zhang , Yuqing Kong , Zhihua Zhu , Zheng Cai

Online controlled experiments (A/B tests) have become the gold standard for learning the impact of new product features in technology companies. Randomization enables the inference of causality from an A/B test. The randomized assignment…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-20 Qike Li , Samir Jamkhande , Pavel Kochetkov , Pai Liu

Online controlled experiments are the primary tool for measuring the causal impact of product changes in digital businesses. It is increasingly common for digital products and services to interact with customers in a personalised way. Using…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-02 C. H. Bryan Liu , Benjamin Paul Chamberlain

Randomized experiments, or A/B testing, are the gold standard for evaluating interventions, yet they remain underutilized in inventory management. This study addresses this gap by analyzing A/B testing strategies in multi-item, multi-period…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Xinqi Chen , Xingyu Bai , Zeyu Zheng , Nian Si

This paper investigates an approach to both speed up business decision-making and lower the cost of learning through experimentation by factorizing business policies and employing fractional factorial experimental designs for their…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-30 Yixin Tang , Yicong Lin , Navdeep S. Sahni

This article studies the benefits of using spatially randomized experimental designs which partition the experimental area into distinct, non-overlapping units with treatments assigned randomly. Such designs offer improved policy evaluation…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Ying Yang , Chengchun Shi , Fang Yao , Shouyang Wang , Hongtu Zhu

A/B testing, or online experiment is a standard business strategy to compare a new product with an old one in pharmaceutical, technological, and traditional industries. Major challenges arise in online experiments of two-sided marketplace…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Chengchun Shi , Xiaoyu Wang , Shikai Luo , Hongtu Zhu , Jieping Ye , Rui Song

Social and behavioral scientists increasingly aim to study how humans interact, collaborate, and make decisions alongside artificial intelligence. However, the experimental infrastructure for such work remains underdeveloped: (1) few…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Crystal Qian , Vivian Tsai , Michael Behr , Nada Hussein , Léo Laugier , Nithum Thain , Lucas Dixon

Online experiments in internet systems, also known as A/B tests, are used for a wide range of system tuning problems, such as optimizing recommender system ranking policies and learning adaptive streaming controllers. Decision-makers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Qing Feng , Samuel Daulton , Benjamin Letham , Maximilian Balandat , Eytan Bakshy

Generally, combinatorial design concerns with the arrangement of a finite set of elements into patterns (subsets, words, arrays) according to specified rules. The usefulness of this design method is that the number of input combination can…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Bestoun S. Ahmed , Amin S. Mohammad , Hemin T. Essa

Ever since the seminal work of R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, factorial designs have been an important experimental tool to simultaneously estimate the effects of multiple treatment factors. In factorial designs, the number of treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-21 Lei Shi , Jingshen Wang , Peng Ding

This paper studies experimental designs for estimation and inference on policies with spillover effects. Units are organized into a finite number of large clusters and interact in unknown ways within each cluster. First, we introduce a…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-05-06 Davide Viviano , Jess Rudder

With the growing needs of online A/B testing to support the innovation in industry, the opportunity cost of running an experiment becomes non-negligible. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for an efficient continuous monitoring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Runzhe Wan , Yu Liu , James McQueen , Doug Hains , Rui Song

In optimal experimental design, the objective is to select a limited set of experiments that maximizes information about unknown model parameters based on factor levels. This work addresses the generalized D-optimal design problem, allowing…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Aditya Pillai , Gabriel Ponte , Marcia Fampa , Jon Lee , and Mohit Singh , Weijun Xie

A/B test, a simple type of controlled experiment, refers to the statistical procedure of experimenting to compare two treatments applied to test subjects. For example, many IT companies frequently conduct A/B tests on their users who are…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Qiong Zhang , Lulu Kang

Deep Q-learning has achieved significant success in single-agent decision making tasks. However, it is challenging to extend Q-learning to large-scale multi-agent scenarios, due to the explosion of action space resulting from the complex…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Ming Zhou , Yong Chen , Ying Wen , Yaodong Yang , Yufeng Su , Weinan Zhang , Dell Zhang , Jun Wang
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