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We study watermarking schemes for language models with provable guarantees. As we show, prior works offer no robustness guarantees against adaptive prompting: when a user queries a language model more than once, as even benign users do. And…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Aloni Cohen , Alexander Hoover , Gabe Schoenbach

Watermarking generative-AI systems, such as LLMs, has gained considerable interest, driven by their enhanced capabilities across a wide range of tasks. Although current approaches have demonstrated that small, context-dependent shifts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Piotr Molenda , Adian Liusie , Mark J. F. Gales

Given a text, can we determine whether it was generated by a large language model (LLM) or by a human? A widely studied approach to this problem is watermarking. We propose an undetectable and elementary watermarking scheme in the closed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Pedro Abdalla , Roman Vershynin

We investigate the learning task of language generation in the limit, but shift focus from the traditional time-of-last-mistake metric of a generator's success to a new notion of "mistake-bounded generation." While existing results for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jon Kleinberg , Charlotte Peale , Omer Reingold

The rapid emergence of generative image models has led to the development of specialized watermarking techniques, particularly in-generation methods such as seed-based embedding. However, current evaluations in this area remain largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Enoal Gesny , Eva Giboulot

The everlasting bandwidth limitations in wireless communication networks has directed the researchers' thrust toward analyzing the prospect of overloaded Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In this paper, we have proposed a Genetic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-12-10 M. Heidari Khoozani , A. Rashidinejad , M. H. Lotfi Froushani , P. Pad , F. Marvasti

Untrustworthy users can misuse image generators to synthesize high-quality deepfakes and engage in unethical activities. Watermarking deters misuse by marking generated content with a hidden message, enabling its detection using a secret…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Nils Lukas , Abdulrahman Diaa , Lucas Fenaux , Florian Kerschbaum

Watermark algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have achieved extremely high accuracy in detecting text generated by LLMs. Such algorithms typically involve adding extra watermark logits to the LLM's logits at each generation step.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shiao Meng , Lijie Wen

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in text generation has raised increasing concerns about intellectual property disputes. Watermarking techniques, which embed meta information into AI-generated content (AIGC), have the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Shangkun Che , Silin Du , Ge Gao

We derive a single-letter upper bound to the mismatched-decoding capacity for discrete memoryless channels. The bound is expressed as the mutual information of a transformation of the channel, such that a maximum-likelihood decoding error…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Ehsan Asadi Kangarshahi , Albert Guillén i Fàbregas

Generative code models (GCMs) significantly enhance development efficiency through automated code generation and code summarization. However, building and training these models require computational resources and time, necessitating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haoxuan Li , Jiale Zhang , Xiaobing Sun , Xiapu Luo

With advancements in telecommunications, data transmission over increasingly harsher channels that produce synchronisation errors is inevitable. Coding schemes for such channels are available through techniques such as the Davey-MacKay…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Shamin Achari , Ling Cheng

We present the first undetectable watermarking scheme for generative image models. Undetectability ensures that no efficient adversary can distinguish between watermarked and un-watermarked images, even after making many adaptive queries.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Sam Gunn , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song

A method for designing sequencing barcodes that can withstand a large number of insertion, deletion and substitution errors and are suitable for use in multiplex single-molecule real-time sequencing is presented. The manuscript focuses on…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-04-06 Joaquín Ezpeleta , Flavia J. Krsticevic , Pilar Bulacio , Elizabeth Tapia

Large language models (LLMs) excellently generate human-like text, but also raise concerns about misuse in fake news and academic dishonesty. Decoding-based watermark, particularly the GumbelMax-trick-based watermark(GM watermark), is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jiayi Fu , Xuandong Zhao , Ruihan Yang , Yuansen Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Yanghua Xiao

Generation-time text watermarking embeds statistical signals into text for traceability of AI-generated content. We explore *post-hoc watermarking* where an LLM rewrites existing text while applying generation-time watermarking, to protect…

This paper considers the constrained sampling multi-stream quickest change detection problem, also known as the bandit quickest change detection problem. One stream contains a change-point that shifts its mean by an unknown amount. The goal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-30 Joshua Kartzman , Calvin Hawkins , Matthew Hale

The main theme of this application is to provide an algorithm color image watermark to manage the attacks such as rotation, scaling and translation. In the existing watermarking algorithms, those exploited robust features are more or less…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-10-23 J. Veerappan , G. Pitchammal

Trigger set-based watermarking schemes have gained emerging attention as they provide a means to prove ownership for deep neural network model owners. In this paper, we argue that state-of-the-art trigger set-based watermarking algorithms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Suyoung Lee , Wonho Song , Suman Jana , Meeyoung Cha , Sooel Son

In this paper, we investigate the recent state-of-the-art schemes for watermarking large language models (LLMs) outputs. These techniques are claimed to be robust, scalable and production-grade, aimed at promoting responsible usage of LLMs.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jonathan Hong Jin Ng , Anh Tu Ngo , Anupam Chattopadhyay