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We introduce BSDetector, a method for detecting bad and speculative answers from a pretrained Large Language Model by estimating a numeric confidence score for any output it generated. Our uncertainty quantification technique works for any…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Jiuhai Chen , Jonas Mueller

Hallucination continues to pose a major obstacle in the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Although the Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) paradigm offers a promising solution by promoting consensus among multiple agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Dayong Liang , Xiao-Yong Wei , Changmeng Zheng

Multi-agent autonomous systems (MAS) are better at addressing challenges that spans across multiple domains than singular autonomous agents. This holds true within the field of software engineering (SE) as well. The state-of-the-art…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Krishna Ronanki

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have notably enhanced the performance of Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA), yet their massive parameter scale leads to excessive resource consumption in training and inference, severely limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shiqin Han , Manning Gao , Menghua Jiang , Yuncheng Jiang , Haifeng Hu , Sijie Mai

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has inspired the development of LLM-based agents capable of addressing complex, real-world tasks. However, these agents often struggle during task execution due to methodological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Yaoxiang Wang , Zhiyong Wu , Junfeng Yao , Jinsong Su

This study investigates uncertainty quantification in large language models (LLMs) for medical applications, emphasizing both technical innovations and philosophical implications. As LLMs become integral to clinical decision-making,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Zahra Atf , Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini , Peter R. Lewis , Aref Mahjoubfar , Nariman Naderi , Thomas R. Savage , Ali Soroush

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to significant breakthroughs in various natural language processing tasks. However, generating factually consistent responses in knowledge-intensive scenarios remains a challenge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Shengbin Yue , Siyuan Wang , Wei Chen , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei

Multi-agent systems (MAS) built on large language models (LLMs) offer a promising path toward solving complex, real-world tasks that single-agent systems often struggle to manage. While recent advancements in test-time scaling (TTS) have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Can Jin , Hongwu Peng , Qixin Zhang , Yujin Tang , Dimitris N. Metaxas , Tong Che

Accurate uncertainty quantification (UQ) in Large Language Models (LLMs) is critical for trustworthy deployment. While real-world language is inherently ambiguous, reflecting aleatoric uncertainty, existing UQ methods are typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Tim Tomov , Dominik Fuchsgruber , Tom Wollschläger , Stephan Günnemann

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where the available context is incomplete or degraded. We argue that an LLM generating answers under incomplete context can be viewed as an implicit imputer, and evaluated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Stef van Buuren

To facilitate robust and trustworthy deployment of large language models (LLMs), it is essential to quantify the reliability of their generations through uncertainty estimation. While recent efforts have made significant advancements by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Rui Li , Jing Long , Muge Qi , Heming Xia , Lei Sha , Peiyi Wang , Zhifang Sui

The remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in content generation, coding, and common-sense reasoning has spurred widespread integration into many facets of society. However, integration of LLMs raises valid questions on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ola Shorinwa , Zhiting Mei , Justin Lidard , Allen Z. Ren , Anirudha Majumdar

LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown significant potential in tackling diverse tasks. However, to design effective MAS, existing approaches heavily rely on manual configurations or multiple calls of advanced LLMs, resulting in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Rui Ye , Shuo Tang , Rui Ge , Yaxin Du , Zhenfei Yin , Siheng Chen , Jing Shao

Large Language Models (LLMs)-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) exhibit remarkable problem-solving and task planning capabilities across diverse domains due to their specialized agentic roles and collaborative interactions. However, this also…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yifan Zhu , Chao Zhang , Xin Shi , Xueqiao Zhang , Yi Yang , Yawei Luo

LLM-based agents have demonstrated strong potential for autonomous machine learning, yet their applicability to health data remains limited. Existing systems often struggle to generalize across heterogeneous health data modalities, rely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Tong Xia , Weibin Li , Gang Liu , Yong Li

Multi-agent systems (MAS) built on large language models promise improved problem-solving through collaboration, yet they often fail to consistently outperform strong single-agent baselines due to error propagation at inter-agent message…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Bohan Lin , Kuo Yang , Zelin Tan , Yingchuan Lai , Chen Zhang , Guibin Zhang , Xinlei Yu , Miao Yu , Xu Wang , Yudong Zhang , Yang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in clinical settings, where sensitivity to linguistic uncertainty can influence diagnostic interpretation and decision-making. Yet little is known about where such epistemic cues are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Srivarshinee Sridhar , Raghav Kaushik Ravi , Kripabandhu Ghosh

Large sequence model (SM) such as GPT series and BERT has displayed outstanding performance and generalization capabilities on vision, language, and recently reinforcement learning tasks. A natural follow-up question is how to abstract…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Muning Wen , Jakub Grudzien Kuba , Runji Lin , Weinan Zhang , Ying Wen , Jun Wang , Yaodong Yang

While Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) empower Large Language Models to tackle complex reasoning tasks through collaborative interaction, optimizing their dynamics remains a formidable challenge due to the discrete, non-differentiable nature of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Wenwu Li , Yuran Song , Mingze Zhao , Bo Jin , Wenhao Li

Many of us now treat LLMs as modern-day oracles asking it almost any kind of question. However, consulting an LLM does not have to be a single turn activity. But long multi-turn interactions can get tedious if it is simply to clarify…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Riya Naik , Ashwin Srinivasan , Swati Agarwal , Estrid He
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