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Explainable Deep Learning has gained significant attention in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in domains such as medical imaging, where accurate and interpretable machine learning models are crucial for effective…

Class attribution maps (CAMs) provide local explanations for the decisions of convolutional neural networks. While widely used in practice, the evaluation of CAMs remains challenging due to the lack of ground-truth explanations, making it…

As deep learning is widely used in the radiology field, the explainability of such models is increasingly becoming essential to gain clinicians' trust when using the models for diagnosis. In this research, three experiment sets were…

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have recently gained much attention for weakly-supervised object localization (WSOL) tasks. They allow for CNN visualization and interpretation without training on fully annotated image datasets. CAM…

Over the last decade, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models have been highly successful in solving complex vision problems. However, these deep models are perceived as "black box" methods considering the lack of understanding of their…

This study addresses a key limitation in deep learning Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) models, which perform well at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) but degrade under noisy conditions due to conventional feature extraction…

This paper presents a tutorial of an explainable approach using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) to classify four progressive dementia stages based on open MRI brain images. The…

Interpretation of deep learning remains a very challenging problem. Although the Class Activation Map (CAM) is widely used to interpret deep model predictions by highlighting object location, it fails to provide insight into the salient…

Recently, increasing attention has been drawn to the internal mechanisms of convolutional neural networks, and the reason why the network makes specific decisions. In this paper, we develop a novel post-hoc visual explanation method called…

Cardiovascular disease causes high rates of mortality worldwide. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a powerful tool to stratify the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Current scoring practices require time-intensive…

Class activation mapping (CAM) is a widely adopted class of saliency methods used to explain the behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). These methods generate heatmaps that highlight the parts of the input most relevant to the…

The need for clear, trustworthy explanations of deep learning model predictions is essential for high-criticality fields, such as medicine and biometric identification. Class Activation Maps (CAMs) are an increasingly popular category of…

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become an essential component of medical imaging research, aiming to increase transparency and clinical trust in deep learning models. This study investigates brain hemorrhage diagnosis with a…

Gaining insight into how deep convolutional neural network models perform image classification and how to explain their outputs have been a concern to computer vision researchers and decision makers. These deep models are often referred to…

The analysis of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals can be time consuming as it is performed manually by cardiologists. Therefore, automation through machine learning (ML) classification is being increasingly proposed which would allow ML…

Decisions made by convolutional neural networks(CNN) can be understood and explained by visualizing discriminative regions on images. To this end, Class Activation Map (CAM) based methods were proposed as powerful interpretation tools,…

In recent years, several advances have been observed in Deep Learning with surprising results. Models in this area have been increasingly used in numerous applications, including those sensitive to human life, which require clear…

Objective. This paper presents an overview of generalizable and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in deep learning (DL) for medical imaging, aimed at addressing the urgent need for transparency and explainability in clinical…

Reliable and interpretable decision-making is essential in medical imaging, where diagnostic outcomes directly influence patient care. Despite advances in deep learning, most medical AI systems operate as opaque black boxes, providing…

Interpreting Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is critical for safety-sensitive applications such as healthcare and autonomous systems. Popular visual explanation methods like Grad-CAM use a single convolutional layer, potentially…