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Three-dimensional X-ray histology techniques offer a non-invasive alternative to conventional 2D histology, enabling volumetric imaging of biological tissues without the need for physical sectioning or chemical staining. However, the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Sarah C. Irvine , Christian Lucas , Diana Krüger , Bianca Guedert , Julian Moosmann , Berit Zeller-Plumhoff

Controllable pathology image synthesis requires reliable regulation of spatial layout, tissue morphology, and semantic detail. However, existing text-guided diffusion models offer only coarse global control and lack the ability to enforce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yuntao Shou , Xiangyong Cao , Qian Zhao , Deyu Meng

Virtual staining offers a promising method for converting Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) images into Immunohistochemical (IHC) images, eliminating the need for costly chemical processes. However, existing methods often struggle to utilize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Zhaohu Xing , Haipeng Zhou , Lei Zhu

Deep learning models can generate virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images, offering a scalable and low-cost alternative to laboratory IHC. However, reliable evaluation of image quality remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Tushar Kataria , Shikha Dubey , Mary Bronner , Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz , Ben J. Brintz , Shireen Y. Elhabian , Beatrice S. Knudsen

Generative AI has received substantial attention in recent years due to its ability to synthesize data that closely resembles the original data source. While Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have provided innovative approaches for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Xuan Xu , Saarthak Kapse , Rajarsi Gupta , Prateek Prasanna

Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) enables simultaneous single-cell quantification of multiple biomarkers within intact tissue architecture, yet its high reagent cost, multi-round staining protocols, and need for specialized imaging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Junhyeok Lee , Han Jang , Heeseong Eum , Joon Jang , Kyu Sung Choi

Virtual staining is a promising technique that uses deep generative models to recreate histological stains, providing a faster and more cost-effective alternative to traditional tissue chemical staining. Specifically for H&E-HER2 staining…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Pascal Klöckner , José Teixeira , Diana Montezuma , Jaime S. Cardoso , Hugo M. Horlings , Sara P. Oliveira

Tumor spatial heterogeneity analysis requires precise correlation between Hematoxylin and Eosin H&E morphology and immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarker expression, yet current methods suffer from spatial misalignment in consecutive sections,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yizhe Yuan , Bingsen Xue , Bangzheng Pu , Chengxiang Wang , Cheng Jin

Virtual staining of histopathology images (e.g., H&E-IHC) is an emerging tool in digital pathology, enabling faster and cheaper workflows by synthesizing target stains from routinely acquired slides. Yet, the quality of virtual staining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Fedor Gubanov , Svetlana Illarionova , Vlad Kozlovskiy , Mikhail Romanov , Yersultan Akhmetov , Aida Akaeva , Vyacheslav Grinevich , Rifat Hamoudi , Maxim Sharaev

Histopathological cancer diagnosis is based on visual examination of stained tissue slides. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) is a standard stain routinely employed worldwide. It is easy to acquire and cost effective, but cells and tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Zhaoyang Xu , Xingru Huang , Carlos Fernández Moro , Béla Bozóky , Qianni Zhang

Here, we present a diffusion transformer (DiT)-based pixel super-resolution virtual staining approach to transform low-resolution FTIR microspectroscopic images of the unstained tissues into corresponding high-resolution H&E-stained images.…

Optics · Physics 2026-03-10 Yudong Tian , Xiangyu Zhao , Yuqing Liu , Bofei Yang , Chongzhao Wu

Histological Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLSs) are increasingly recognized for their correlation with the efficacy of immunotherapy in various solid tumors. Traditionally, the identification and characterization of TLSs rely on…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-27 Qiuli Wang , Yongxu Liu , Li Ma , Xianqi Wang , Wei Chen , Xiaohong Yao

Digital pathology has advanced significantly over the last decade, with Whole Slide Images (WSIs) encompassing vast amounts of data essential for accurate disease diagnosis. High-resolution WSIs are essential for precise diagnosis but…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-28 Xuan Xu , Saarthak Kapse , Prateek Prasanna

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has transformed clinical pathology by enabling the visualization of specific proteins within tissue sections. However, traditional IHC requires one tissue section per stain, exhibits section-to-section…

Accurate histopathological diagnosis often requires multiple differently stained tissue sections, a process that is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and environmentally taxing due to the use of multiple chemical stains. Recently, virtual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jiabo MA , Wenqiang Li , Jinbang Li , Ziyi Liu , Linshan Wu , Fengtao Zhou , Li Liang , Ronald Cheong Kin Chan , Terence T. W. Wong , Hao Chen

The diagnosis of cancer is mainly performed by visual analysis of the pathologists, through examining the morphology of the tissue slices and the spatial arrangement of the cells. If the microscopic image of a specimen is not stained, it…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-06 Pegah Salehi , Abdolah Chalechale

Histological staining is a vital step used to diagnose various diseases and has been used for more than a century to provide contrast to tissue sections, rendering the tissue constituents visible for microscopic analysis by medical experts.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-08 Yijie Zhang , Kevin de Haan , Yair Rivenson , Jingxi Li , Apostolos Delis , Aydogan Ozcan

Many medical and biological protocols for analyzing individual biological cells involve morphological evaluation based on cell staining, designed to enhance imaging contrast and enable clinicians and biologists to differentiate between…

Histological examination is a crucial step in an autopsy; however, the traditional histochemical staining of post-mortem samples faces multiple challenges, including the inferior staining quality due to autolysis caused by delayed fixation…

The process of digitising histology slides involves multiple factors that can affect a whole slide image's (WSI) final appearance, including the staining protocol, scanner, and tissue type. This variability constitutes a domain shift and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Manahil Raza , Saad Bashir , Talha Qaiser , Nasir Rajpoot