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Survival analysis is essential for clinical decision-making, as it allows practitioners to estimate time-to-event outcomes, stratify patient risk profiles, and guide treatment planning. Deep learning has revolutionized this field with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Pinar Erbil , Alberto Archetti , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci

Contrastive learning is a method of learning visual representations by training Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to increase the similarity between representations of positive pairs (transformations of the same image) and reduce the similarity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Beomsu Kim , Jong Chul Ye

Explainable boosting machines (EBMs) are popular "glass-box" models that learn a set of univariate functions using boosting trees. These achieve explainability through visualizations of each feature's effect. However, unlike linear model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-31 Haimo Fang , Kevin Tan , Jonathan Pipping-Gamon , Giles Hooker

A statistical model is said to be un-normalised when its likelihood function involves an intractable normalising constant. Two popular methods for parameter inference for these models are MC-MLE (Monte Carlo maximum likelihood estimation),…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-02-01 Lionel Riou-Durand , Nicolas Chopin

Model-based reinforcement learning is attractive for sequential decision-making because it explicitly estimates reward and transition models and then supports planning through simulated rollouts. In offline settings with hidden confounding,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Nishanth Venkatesh , Andreas A. Malikopoulos

Monte Carlo methods, Variational Inference, and their combinations play a pivotal role in sampling from intractable probability distributions. However, current studies lack a unified evaluation framework, relying on disparate performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Denis Blessing , Xiaogang Jia , Johannes Esslinger , Francisco Vargas , Gerhard Neumann

Autoregressive models (ARMs) currently constitute the dominant paradigm for large language models (LLMs). Energy-based models (EBMs) represent another class of models, which have historically been less prevalent in LLM development, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mathieu Blondel , Michael E. Sander , Germain Vivier-Ardisson , Tianlin Liu , Vincent Roulet

Deep convolutional neural networks achieve remarkable performance by exhaustively processing dense spatial feature maps, yet this brute-force strategy introduces significant computational redundancy and encourages reliance on spurious…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Tom Devynck , Bilal Faye , Djamel Bouchaffra , Nadjib Lazaar , Hanane Azzag , Mustapha Lebbah

Model fitting is possibly the most extended problem in science. Classical approaches include the use of least-squares fitting procedures and maximum likelihood methods to estimate the value of the parameters in the model. However, in recent…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-04-12 J. Lopez-Santiago , L. Martino , J. Miguez , M. A. Vazquez

Identifying related entities and events within and across documents is fundamental to natural language understanding. We present an approach to entity and event coreference resolution utilizing contrastive representation learning. Earlier…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Benjamin Hsu , Graham Horwood

We present UNSEE: Unsupervised Non-Contrastive Sentence Embeddings, a novel approach that outperforms SimCSE in the Massive Text Embedding benchmark. Our exploration begins by addressing the challenge of representation collapse, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Ömer Veysel Çağatan

This work presents strategies to learn an Energy-Based Model (EBM) according to the desired length of its MCMC sampling trajectories. MCMC trajectories of different lengths correspond to models with different purposes. Our experiments cover…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-25 Mitch Hill , Jonathan Mitchell , Chu Chen , Yuan Du , Mubarak Shah , Song-Chun Zhu

Joint Energy-based Model (JEM) is a recently proposed hybrid model that retains strong discriminative power of modern CNN classifiers, while generating samples rivaling the quality of GAN-based approaches. In this paper, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Xiulong Yang , Shihao Ji

Edge detection (ED) is a fundamental perceptual process in computer vision, forming the structural basis for high-level reasoning tasks such as segmentation, recognition, and scene understanding. Despite substantial progress achieved by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hao Shu

Due to the inherent imbalance in real-world datasets, na\"ive Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) tends to bias the learning process towards the majority classes, hindering generalization to minority classes. To rebalance the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Zitai Wang , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Zhikang Xu , Linchao Zhang , Xiaochun Cao , Qingming Huang

Atmospheric retrievals (AR) characterize exoplanets by estimating atmospheric parameters from observed light spectra, typically by framing the task as a Bayesian inference problem. However, traditional approaches such as nested sampling are…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-14 Timothy D. Gebhard , Jonas Wildberger , Maximilian Dax , Daniel Angerhausen , Sascha P. Quanz , Bernhard Schölkopf

Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) has fueled major breakthroughs in representation learning and generative modeling. Yet a long-standing challenge remains: accurately estimating ratios between distributions that differ substantially, which…

Recent research has developed several Monte Carlo methods for estimating the normalization constant (partition function) based on the idea of annealing. This means sampling successively from a path of distributions that interpolate between…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-10 Omar Chehab , Aapo Hyvarinen , Andrej Risteski

While InfoNCE underlies modern contrastive learning, its geometric mechanisms remain under-characterized beyond the canonical alignment--uniformity decomposition. We develop a measure-theoretic framework in which representation measures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yichao Cai , Zhen Zhang , Yuhang Liu , Javen Qinfeng Shi

Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are a powerful and commonly used family of numerical methods for sampling from complex probability distributions. As applications of these methods increase in size and complexity, the need for efficient…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-01-31 Colin Cotter , Simon Cotter , Paul Russell