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Accurate accident anticipation is essential for enhancing the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, existing methods often assume ideal conditions, overlooking challenges such as sensor failures, environmental disturbances, and data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Xingcheng Liu , Yanchen Guan , Haicheng Liao , Zhengbing He , Zhenning Li

Unlike RGB cameras that use visible light bands (384$\sim$769 THz) and Lidars that use infrared bands (361$\sim$331 THz), Radars use relatively longer wavelength radio bands (77$\sim$81 GHz), resulting in robust measurements in adverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Dong-Hee Paek , Seung-Hyun Kong , Kevin Tirta Wijaya

Autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems remain vulnerable under extreme weather. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration reports that roughly 745,000 crashes and 3,800 fatalities per year are weather-related, and recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Chih-Hsin Chen , Yu-Tung Liu , Amar Fadillah , Kuan-Ting Lai , Dong Liu

Level crossing accidents remain a significant safety concern in modern railway systems, particularly under adverse weather conditions that degrade sensor performance. This review surveys state-of-the-art sensor technologies and fusion…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Chenyang Yan , Mats Bengtsson

4D millimeter-wave (MMW) radar, which provides both height information and dense point cloud data over 3D MMW radar, has become increasingly popular in 3D object detection. In recent years, radar-vision fusion models have demonstrated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Haocheng Zhao , Runwei Guan , Taoyu Wu , Ka Lok Man , Limin Yu , Yutao Yue

Deep neural networks designed for vision tasks are often prone to failure when they encounter environmental conditions not covered by the training data. Single-modal strategies are insufficient when the sensor fails to acquire information…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Osama Mazhar , Robert Babuska , Jens Kober

Advanced automotive active-safety systems, in general, and autonomous vehicles, in particular, rely heavily on visual data to classify and localize objects such as pedestrians, traffic signs and lights, and other nearby cars, to assist the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Mazin Hnewa , Hayder Radha

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) radars are being increasingly integrated in commercial vehicles to support new Adaptive Driver Assisted Systems (ADAS) features that require accurate location and Doppler velocity estimates of objects, independent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-24 Xiangyu Gao , Sumit Roy , Guanbin Xing , Sian Jin

In this paper, we developed the solution of roadside LiDAR object detection using a combination of two unsupervised learning algorithms. The 3D point clouds are firstly converted into spherical coordinates and filled into the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Tianya Zhang , Peter J. Jin

Multimodal sensor fusion has demonstrated remarkable performance improvements over unimodal approaches in 3D object detection for autonomous vehicles. Typically, existing methods transform multimodal data from independent sensors, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Markus Essl , Marta Moscati , Mubashir Noman , Muhammad Zaigham Zaheer , Usman Naseem , Shah Nawaz , Markus Schedl

Lidar sensors are frequently used in environment perception for autonomous vehicles and mobile robotics to complement camera, radar, and ultrasonic sensors. Adverse weather conditions are significantly impacting the performance of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Robin Heinzler , Florian Piewak , Philipp Schindler , Wilhelm Stork

4D radar has received significant attention in autonomous driving thanks to its robustness under adverse weathers. Due to the sparse points and noisy measurements of the 4D radar, most of the research finish the 3D object detection task by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Hanzhi Zhong , Zhiyu Xiang , Ruoyu Xu , Jingyun Fu , Peng Xu , Shaohong Wang , Zhihao Yang , Tianyu Pu , Eryun Liu

Millimeter wave (mmWave) radars have attracted significant attention from both academia and industry due to their capability to operate in extreme weather conditions. However, they face challenges in terms of sparsity and noise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Ruibin Zhang , Donglai Xue , Yuhan Wang , Ruixu Geng , Fei Gao

A good and robust sensor data fusion in diverse weather conditions is a quite challenging task. There are several fusion architectures in the literature, e.g. the sensor data can be fused right at the beginning (Early Fusion), or they can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Andreas Pfeuffer , Klaus Dietmayer

Drone-based vehicle detection aims at finding the vehicle locations and categories in an aerial image. It empowers smart city traffic management and disaster rescue. Researchers have made mount of efforts in this area and achieved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Yiming Sun , Bing Cao , Pengfei Zhu , Qinghua Hu

Accurate and robust object detection is critical for autonomous driving. Image-based detectors face difficulties caused by low visibility in adverse weather conditions. Thus, radar-camera fusion is of particular interest but presents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Huawei Sun , Hao Feng , Georg Stettinger , Lorenzo Servadei , Robert Wille

Recent advances in 4D imaging radar have enabled robust perception in adverse weather, while camera sensors provide dense semantic information. Fusing the these complementary modalities has great potential for cost-effective 3D perception.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Xiaozhi Li , Huijun Di , Jian Li , Feng Liu , Wei Liang

Object detection in road scenes is necessary to develop both autonomous vehicles and driving assistance systems. Even if deep neural networks for recognition task have shown great performances using conventional images, they fail to detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Rachel Blin , Samia Ainouz , Stéphane Canu , Fabrice Meriaudeau

This paper addresses the critical challenge of vehicle detection in the harsh winter conditions in the Nordic regions, characterized by heavy snowfall, reduced visibility, and low lighting. Due to their susceptibility to environmental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Hamam Mokayed , Rajkumar Saini , Oluwatosin Adewumi , Lama Alkhaled , Bjorn Backe , Palaiahnakote Shivakumara , Olle Hagner , Yan Chai Hum

Detecting vulnerable road users (VRUs), particularly children and adolescents, in low light and adverse weather conditions remains a critical challenge in computer vision, surveillance, and autonomous vehicle systems. This paper presents a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Abdullah Jirjees , Ryan Myers , Muhammad Haris Ikram , Mohamed H. Zaki