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Chemical Language Models (CLMs) pre-trained on large scale molecular data are widely used for molecular property prediction. However, the common belief that increasing training resources such as model size, dataset size, and training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tatsuya Sagawa , Ryosuke Kojima

Due to the substantial scale of Large Language Models (LLMs), the direct application of conventional compression methodologies proves impractical. The computational demands associated with even minimal gradient updates present challenges,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Arnav Chavan , Nahush Lele , Deepak Gupta

A possible explanation for the impressive performance of masked language model (MLM) pre-training is that such models have learned to represent the syntactic structures prevalent in classical NLP pipelines. In this paper, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Koustuv Sinha , Robin Jia , Dieuwke Hupkes , Joelle Pineau , Adina Williams , Douwe Kiela

Large language models (LLMs) are not amenable to frequent re-training, due to high training costs arising from their massive scale. However, updates are necessary to endow LLMs with new skills and keep them up-to-date with rapidly evolving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Tongtong Wu , Linhao Luo , Yuan-Fang Li , Shirui Pan , Thuy-Trang Vu , Gholamreza Haffari

As the applications of large language models (LLMs) expand across diverse fields, the ability of these models to adapt to ongoing changes in data, tasks, and user preferences becomes crucial. Traditional training methods, relying on static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Junhao Zheng , Shengjie Qiu , Chengming Shi , Qianli Ma

Large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge across diverse domains such as science, history, and geography encountered during generative pre-training. However, due to their stochasticity, it is difficult to predict what LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kartik Sharma , Yiqiao Jin , Rakshit Trivedi , Srijan Kumar

Instruction tuning is now a widely adopted approach to aligning large multimodal models (LMMs) to follow human intent. It unifies the data format of vision-language tasks, enabling multi-task joint training. However, vision-language tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Jinghan He , Haiyun Guo , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Modern sensors produce increasingly rich streams of high-resolution data. Due to resource constraints, machine learning systems discard the vast majority of this information via resolution reduction. Compressed-domain learning allows models…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-13 Dan Jacobellis , Neeraja J. Yadwadkar

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as agents that interact with users and with the world. To do so successfully, LLMs must construct representations of the world and form probabilistic beliefs about them. To provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Linlu Qiu , Fei Sha , Kelsey Allen , Yoon Kim , Tal Linzen , Sjoerd van Steenkiste

Large language models (LLMs) can learn from a few demonstrations provided at inference time. We study this in-context learning phenomenon through the lens of Gaussian Processes (GPs). We build controlled experiments where models observe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Elif Akata , Konstantinos Voudouris , Vincent Fortuin , Eric Schulz

Despite the strong capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) to acquire knowledge from their training corpora, the memorization of sensitive information in the corpora such as copyrighted, biased, and private content has led to ethical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 James Y. Huang , Wenxuan Zhou , Fei Wang , Fred Morstatter , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have been applied in various applications due to their astonishing capabilities. With advancements in technologies such as chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting and in-context learning (ICL), the prompts fed to LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Huiqiang Jiang , Qianhui Wu , Chin-Yew Lin , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

Communication has emerged as a critical bottleneck in the distributed training of large language models (LLMs). While numerous approaches have been proposed to reduce communication overhead, the potential of lossless compression has…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Wenxiang Lin , Xinglin Pan , Ruibo Fan , Shaohuai Shi , Xiaowen Chu

In general, large datasets enable deep learning models to perform with good accuracy and generalizability. However, massive high-fidelity simulation datasets (from molecular chemistry, astrophysics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), etc.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Wai Tong Chung , Ki Sung Jung , Jacqueline H. Chen , Matthias Ihme

Large language models are powerful but costly. We ask whether meta-learning can make the pretraining of small language models not only better but also more interpretable. We integrate first-order MAML with subset-masked LM pretraining,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 David Demitri Africa , Yuval Weiss , Paula Buttery , Richard Diehl Martinez

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pretrained on massive datasets and later instruction-tuned via supervised fine-tuning (SFT) or reinforcement learning (RL). Best practices emphasize large, diverse pretraining data, whereas post-training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Adel Javanmard , Baharan Mirzasoleiman , Vahab Mirrokni

The growing popularity of Large Language Models has sparked interest in context compression for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the performance of previous methods degrades dramatically as compression ratios increase, sometimes even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zhiwei Cao , Qian Cao , Yu Lu , Ningxin Peng , Luyang Huang , Shanbo Cheng , Jinsong Su

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated broad utility across molecular domains, spanning drug discovery and materials design. Analyzing LLMs' latent representations is crucial for elucidating their underlying mechanisms, improving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zhuoran Li , Xu Sun , Wanyu Lin , Jiannong Cao

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are foundational tools for modeling sequential data with latent Markovian structure, yet fitting them to real-world data remains computationally challenging. In this work, we show that pre-trained large language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yijia Dai , Zhaolin Gao , Yahya Sattar , Sarah Dean , Jennifer J. Sun

Unlearning in large language models (LLMs) aims to remove specified data, but its efficacy is typically assessed with task-level metrics like accuracy and perplexity. We show that these metrics can be misleading, as models can appear to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xiaoyu Xu , Xiang Yue , Yang Liu , Qingqing Ye , Huadi Zheng , Peizhao Hu , Minxin Du , Haibo Hu