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We analyze maximal extractable value in multiple concurrent proposer blockchains, where multiple blocks become data available before their final execution order is determined. This concurrency breaks the single builder assumption of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Steven Landers , Benjamin Marsh

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) is value extractable by temporary monopoly power commonly found in decentralized systems. This extraction stems from a lack of user privacy upon transaction submission and the ability of a monopolist…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Tarun Chitra

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has become a critical issue for blockchain ecosystems, as it enables validators or block proposers to extract value by ordering, including or censoring users' transactions. This paper aims to present a formal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Bruno Mazorra , Nicolás Della Penna

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) refers to a class of attacks to decentralized applications where the adversary profits by manipulating the ordering, inclusion, or exclusion of transactions in a blockchain. Decentralized Finance (DeFi)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Massimo Bartoletti , Riccardo Marchesin , Roberto Zunino

Traditional single-proposer blockchains suffer from miner extractable value (MEV), where validators exploit their serial monopoly on transaction inclusion and ordering to extract rents from users. While there have been many developments at…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Pranav Garimidi , Joachim Neu , Max Resnick

Blockchains offer strong security guarantees, but they cannot protect the ordering of transactions. Powerful players, such as miners, sequencers, and sophisticated bots, can reap significant profits by selectively including, excluding, or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Sen Yang , Fan Zhang , Ken Huang , Xi Chen , Youwei Yang , Feng Zhu

Maximal extractable value (MEV) in which block proposers unethically gain profits by manipulating the order in which transactions are included within a block, is a key challenge facing blockchains such as Ethereum today. Left unchecked, MEV…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Yifan Mao , Mengya Zhang , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan , Zhiqiang Lin

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) represents a pivotal challenge within the Ethereum ecosystem; it impacts the fairness, security, and efficiency of both Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) networks. MEV arises when miners or validators manipulate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Zeinab Alipanahloo , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid , Kaiwen Zhang

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) represents billions of dollars in extracted value that fundamentally shapes blockchain network dynamics and participant incentives. While research has focused on MEV extraction and mitigation, we lack…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Andrei Seoev , Dmitry Belousov , Anastasiia Smirnova , Ksenia Kurinova , Aleksei Smirnov , Denis Fedyanin , Yury Yanovich

Blockchains offer strong security gurarantees, but cannot protect users against the ordering of transactions. Players such as miners, bots and validators can reorder various transactions and reap significant profits, called the Maximal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Arti Vedula , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan , Abhishek Gupta

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) has become a significant incentive on blockchain networks, referring to the value captured through the manipulation of transaction execution order and strategic issuance of profit-generation transactions. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Burak Öz , Filip Rezabek , Jonas Gebele , Felix Hoops , Florian Matthes

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) refers to a wide class of economic attacks to public blockchains, where adversaries with the power to reorder, drop or insert transactions in a block can "extract" value from smart contracts. Empirical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Massimo Bartoletti , Roberto Zunino

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) leverages blockchain-enabled smart contracts to deliver automated and trustless financial services without the need for intermediaries. However, the public visibility of financial transactions on the blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Huned Materwala , Shraddha M. Naik , Aya Taha , Tala Abdulrahman Abed , Davor Svetinovic

Ethereum has emerged as a leading platform for decentralized applications (dApps) due to its robust smart contract capabilities. One of the critical issues in the Ethereum ecosystem is Maximal Extractable Value (MEV), a concept that has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Dipankar Sarkar

We develop a formalism for reasoning about trading on decentralized exchanges on blockchains and a formulation of a particular form of maximal extractable value (MEV) that represents the total arbitrage opportunity extractable from on-chain…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-04-24 Alan Guo

Maximal (also miner) extractable value, or MEV, usually refers to the value that privileged players can extract by strategically ordering, censoring, and placing transactions in a blockchain. Each blockchain network, which we refer to as a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Bruno Mazorra , Michael Reynolds , Vanesa Daza

As blockchains begin processing significant economic activity, the ability to include and order transactions inevitably becomes highly valuable, a concept known as Maximal Extractable Value (MEV). This makes effective mechanisms for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Robin Fritsch , Maria Inês Silva , Akaki Mamageishvili , Benjamin Livshits , Edward W. Felten

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) drives the prosperity of the blockchain ecosystem. By strategically including, excluding, or reordering transactions within blocks, block producers can extract additional value, which in turn incentivizes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Tianyang Chi , Ningyu He , Xiaohui Hu , Haoyu Wang

In this article, we develop an interdisciplinary analysis of MEV which desires to merge the gap that exists between technical and legal research supporting policymakers in their regulatory decisions concerning blockchains, DeFi and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Simona Ramos , Joshua Ellul

Many cryptocurrency platforms are vulnerable to Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) attacks, where a malicious consensus leader can inject transactions or change the order of user transactions to maximize its profit. A promising line of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Dahlia Malkhi , Pawel Szalachowski
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