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Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) in large enterprises can generate hundreds of thousands of alerts per hour, overwhelming analysts with logs requiring rapidly evolving expertise. Conventional machine-learning detectors…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Francesco Blefari , Cristian Cosentino , Francesco Aurelio Pironti , Angelo Furfaro , Fabrizio Marozzo

Existing benchmarks for LLM-based offensive security agents use isolated, single-target setups with a known vulnerable service and fixed objective. They measure exploitation effectively, but miss how real Capture-the-Flag (CTF) participants…

The automatic extraction of information from Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) reports is crucial in risk management. The increased frequency of the publications of these reports has led researchers to develop new systems for automatically…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Francesco Marchiori , Mauro Conti , Nino Vincenzo Verde

We introduce the Cyber Defense Benchmark, a benchmark for measuring how well large language model (LLM) agents perform the core SOC analyst task of threat hunting: given a database of raw Windows event logs with no guided questions or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Alankrit Chona , Igor Kozlov , Ambuj Kumar

Public and commercial organizations extensively share cyberthreat intelligence (CTI) to prepare systems to defend against existing and emerging cyberattacks. However, traditional CTI has primarily focused on tracking known threat indicators…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Md Tanvirul Alam , Dipkamal Bhusal , Youngja Park , Nidhi Rastogi

Effective incident response (IR) is critical for mitigating cyber threats, yet security teams are overwhelmed by alert fatigue, high false-positive rates, and the vast volume of unstructured Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) documents. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Amine Tellache , Abdelaziz Amara Korba , Amdjed Mokhtari , Horea Moldovan , Yacine Ghamri-Doudane

Mapping Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) text to MITRE ATT\&CK technique IDs is a critical task for understanding adversary behaviors and automating threat defense. While recent Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) approaches have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Filippo Morbiato , Markus Keller , Priya Nair , Luca Romano

This study introduces an innovative approach to automating Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) processes in industrial environments by leveraging Microsoft's AI-powered security technologies. Historically, CTI has heavily relied on manual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Shrit Shah , Fatemeh Khoda Parast

Textual descriptions in cyber threat intelligence (CTI) reports, such as security articles and news, are rich sources of knowledge about cyber threats, crucial for organizations to stay informed about the rapidly evolving threat landscape.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yutong Cheng , Osama Bajaber , Saimon Amanuel Tsegai , Dawn Song , Peng Gao

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are prolonged, stealthy intrusions by skilled adversaries that compromise high-value systems to steal data or disrupt operations. Reconstructing complete attack chains from massive, heterogeneous logs is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rujie Dai , Peizhuo Lv , Yujiang Gui , Qiujian Lv , Yuanyuan Qiao , Yan Wang , Degang Sun , Weiqing Huang , Yingjiu Li , XiaoFeng Wang

Today, human security analysts collapse under the sheer volume of alerts they have to triage during investigations. The inability to cope with this load, coupled with a high false positive rate of alerts, creates alert fatigue. This results…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Florian Wilkens , Felix Ortmann , Steffen Haas , Matthias Vallentin , Mathias Fischer

Attack knowledge graph construction seeks to convert textual cyber threat intelligence (CTI) reports into structured representations, portraying the evolutionary traces of cyber attacks. Even though previous research has proposed various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Yongheng Zhang , Tingwen Du , Yunshan Ma , Xiang Wang , Yi Xie , Guozheng Yang , Yuliang Lu , Ee-Chien Chang

Due to the variety of cyber-attacks or threats, the cybersecurity community enhances the traditional security control mechanisms to an advanced level so that automated tools can encounter potential security threats. Very recently, Cyber…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Md Imran Hossen , Ashraful Islam , Farzana Anowar , Eshtiak Ahmed , Mohammad Masudur Rahman , Xiali , Hei

The swift spread of fake news and disinformation campaigns poses a significant threat to public trust, political stability, and cybersecurity. Traditional Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) approaches, which rely on low-level indicators such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Domenico Cotroneo , Roberto Natella , Vittorio Orbinato

Understanding adversarial behavior in cybersecurity has traditionally relied on high-level intelligence reports and manual interpretation of attack chains. However, real-time defense requires the ability to infer attacker intent and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Soham Hans , Stacy Marsella , Sophia Hirschmann , Nikolos Gurney

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are critical to defending enterprise and industrial control environments, yet evaluating their effectiveness under realistic conditions remains an open challenge. Existing benchmarks rely on synthetic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Manuel Kern , Dominik Steffan , Felix Schuster , Florian Skopik , Max Landauer , David Allison , Simon Freudenthaler , Edgar Weippl

Advanced AI systems offer substantial benefits but also introduce risks. In 2025, AI-enabled cyber offense has emerged as a concrete example. This technical report applies a quantitative risk modeling methodology (described in full in a…

Automated attack discovery techniques, such as attacker synthesis or model-based fuzzing, provide powerful ways to ensure network protocols operate correctly and securely. Such techniques, in general, require a formal representation of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Maria Leonor Pacheco , Max von Hippel , Ben Weintraub , Dan Goldwasser , Cristina Nita-Rotaru

Protecting against multi-step attacks of uncertain duration and timing forces defenders into an indefinite, always ongoing, resource-intensive response. To effectively allocate resources, a defender must be able to analyze multi-step…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Alexander V. Outkin , Patricia V. Schulz , Timothy Schulz , Thomas D. Tarman , Ali Pinar

The complexity of modern computing environments and the growing sophistication of cyber threats necessitate a more robust, adaptive, and automated approach to security enforcement. In this paper, we present a framework leveraging large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Pablo Fernández Saura , K. R. Jayaram , Vatche Isahagian , Jorge Bernal Bernabé , Antonio Skarmeta