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The measurement problem is the issue of explaining how the objective classical world emerges from a quantum one. Here we take a different approach. We assume that there is an objective classical system, and then ask that the standard rules…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 Isaac Layton , Jonathan Oppenheim , Zachary Weller-Davies

Projective measurement is used as a fundamental axiom in quantum mechanics, even though it is discontinuous and cannot predict which measured operator eigenstate will be observed in which experimental run. The probabilistic Born rule gives…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-09 Apoorva Patel , Parveen Kumar

The lack of superposition of different position states or the emergence of classicality in macroscopic systems have been a puzzle for decades. Classicality exists in every measuring apparatus, and is the key for understanding what can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-08 Pei Wang

Zurek claims to have derived Born's rule noncircularly in the context of an ontological no-collapse interpretation of quantum states, without any "deus ex machina imposition of the symptoms of classicality." After a brief review of Zurek's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ulrich Mohrhoff

We deduce the Born rule. No use is required of quantum postulates. One exploits only rudimentary quantum mathematics--a linear, not Hilbert', vector space--and empirical notion of the statistical length of a state. Its statistical nature…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-24 Yurii V. Brezhnev

A new formulation of quantum mechanics is proposed based on a new principle that can be considered a generalization of the Born rule. The principle is composed of a mathematical expression and an associated interpretation, and establishes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-31 Bruno Galvan

We derive Born's rule and the density-operator formalism for quantum systems with Hilbert spaces of dimension two or larger. Our extension of Gleason's theorem only relies upon the consistent assignment of probabilities to the outcomes of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-08 Victoria J Wright , Stefan Weigert

Proposed derivations of the Born rule for Everettian theory are controversial. I argue that they are unnecessary but may provide justification for a simplified version of the Principal Principle. It's also unnecessary to replace Everett's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-11 Paul Tappenden

A longstanding issue in attempts to understand the Everett (Many-Worlds) approach to quantum mechanics is the origin of the Born rule: why is the probability given by the square of the amplitude? Following Vaidman, we note that observers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-26 Charles T. Sebens , Sean M. Carroll

Left on its own, a quantum state evolves deterministically under the Schr\"odinger Equation, forming superpositions. Upon measurement, however, a stochastic process governed by the Born rule collapses it to a single outcome. This dual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 Anderson A. Tomaz , Rafael S. Mattos , Mario Barbatti

We show that probabilities of results of all possible measurements performing on a quantum system depend on the system's state only through its density matrix. Therefore all experimentally available information about the state contains in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-01 Alexey Nenashev

A simple proof is given that the probabilities of observations in a large universe are not given directly by Born's rule as the expectation values of projection operators in a global quantum state of the entire universe. An alternative…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-07-27 Don N. Page

A non-statistical theory of continuous, but irreversible, evolution can be constructed in terms of the Cartan calculus. The fundamental postulate, for an evolutionary theory which admits irreversible processes, is that the topology of the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 R. M. Kiehn

We explore the measurement problem in the entropic dynamics approach to quantum theory. The dual modes of quantum evolution---either continuous unitary evolution or abrupt wave function collapse during measurement---are unified by virtue of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-30 David T. Johnson , Ariel Caticha

We consider how the Born rule, a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, can be tested for particles created on the shortest timescales ($\sim10^{-25}\,\mathrm{s}$) currently accessible at high-energy colliders. We focus on targeted…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-01-05 Antony Valentini , Mira Varma

Despite the tremendous empirical success of quantum theory there is still widespread disagreement about what it can tell us about the nature of the world. A central question is whether the theory is about our knowledge of reality, or a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-10 Sally Shrapnel , Fabio Costa , Gerard Milburn

Realist, no-collapse interpretations of quantum mechanics, such as Everett's, face the probability problem: how to justify the norm-squared (Born) rule from the wavefunction alone. While any basis-independent measure can only be…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-23 Allan F. Randall

Modern experiments using nanoscale devices come ever closer to bridging the divide between the quantum and classical realms, bringing experimental tests of objective collapse theories that propose alterations to Schr\"{o}dinger's equation…

We study the quantum measurement problem in the context of an infinite, statistically uniform space, as could be generated by eternal inflation. It has recently been argued that when identical copies of a quantum measurement system exist,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Anthony Aguirre , Max Tegmark

In Everettian quantum mechanics, justifications for the Born rule appeal to self-locating uncertainty or decision theory. Such justifications have focused exclusively on a pure-state Everettian multiverse, represented by a wave function.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-17 Eugene Y. S. Chua , Eddy Keming Chen