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Related papers: Multilingual Embedding Probes Fail to Generalize A…

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Pretrained multilingual text encoders based on neural Transformer architectures, such as multilingual BERT (mBERT) and XLM, have achieved strong performance on a myriad of language understanding tasks. Consequently, they have been adopted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Robert Litschko , Ivan Vulić , Simone Paolo Ponzetto , Goran Glavaš

Multilingual generative models obtain remarkable cross-lingual in-context learning capabilities through pre-training on large-scale corpora. However, they still exhibit a performance bias toward high-resource languages and learn isolated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Chong Li , Shaonan Wang , Jiajun Zhang , Chengqing Zong

Multimodal Language Analysis is a demanding area of research, since it is associated with two requirements: combining different modalities and capturing temporal information. During the last years, several works have been proposed in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Panagiotis Koromilas , Theodoros Giannakopoulos

The advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has greatly accelerated the development of applications in understanding integrated texts and images. Recent works leverage image-caption datasets to train MLLMs, achieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Mingxu Tao , Quzhe Huang , Kun Xu , Liwei Chen , Yansong Feng , Dongyan Zhao

Word embeddings have recently been shown to reflect many of the pronounced societal biases (e.g., gender bias or racial bias). Existing studies are, however, limited in scope and do not investigate the consistency of biases across relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Anne Lauscher , Goran Glavaš

This paper proposes a modularized sense induction and representation learning model that jointly learns bilingual sense embeddings that align well in the vector space, where the cross-lingual signal in the English-Chinese parallel corpus is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Ta-Chung Chi , Yun-Nung Chen

Pretrained language models (LMs) are prone to arithmetic errors. Existing work showed limited success in probing numeric values from models' representations, indicating that these errors can be attributed to the inherent unreliability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Marek Kadlčík , Michal Štefánik , Timothee Mickus , Michal Spiegel , Josef Kuchař

Probes are small networks that predict properties of underlying data from embeddings, and they provide a targeted, effective way to illuminate the information contained in embeddings. While analysis through the use of probes has become…

Standard pretrained language models operate on sequences of subword tokens without direct access to the characters that compose each token's string representation. We probe the embedding layer of pretrained language models and show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Itay Itzhak , Omer Levy

Learning a distinct representation for each sense of an ambiguous word could lead to more powerful and fine-grained models of vector-space representations. Yet while `multi-sense' methods have been proposed and tested on artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-11-25 Jiwei Li , Dan Jurafsky

Despite an ever growing number of word representation models introduced for a large number of languages, there is a lack of a standardized technique to provide insights into what is captured by these models. Such insights would help the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Gözde Gül Şahin , Clara Vania , Ilia Kuznetsov , Iryna Gurevych

Multilingual pretraining typically lacks explicit alignment signals, leading to suboptimal cross-lingual alignment in the representation space. In this work, we show that training standard pretrained models for cross-lingual alignment with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Barah Fazili , Koustava Goswami

We propose an unsupervised method to obtain cross-lingual embeddings without any parallel data or pre-trained word embeddings. The proposed model, which we call multilingual neural language models, takes sentences of multiple languages as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Takashi Wada , Tomoharu Iwata

Cross-lingual transfer of word embeddings aims to establish the semantic mappings among words in different languages by learning the transformation functions over the corresponding word embedding spaces. Successfully solving this problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Ruochen Xu , Yiming Yang , Naoki Otani , Yuexin Wu

Multilingual pretrained language models (MPLMs) exhibit multilinguality and are well suited for transfer across languages. Most MPLMs are trained in an unsupervised fashion and the relationship between their objective and multilinguality is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Sheng Liang , Philipp Dufter , Hinrich Schütze

We assess how multilingual language models maintain a shared multilingual representation space while still encoding language-sensitive information in each language. Using XLM-R as a case study, we show that languages occupy similar linear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Tyler A. Chang , Zhuowen Tu , Benjamin K. Bergen

We present a new method for estimating vector space representations of words: embedding learning by concept induction. We test this method on a highly parallel corpus and learn semantic representations of words in 1259 different languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Philipp Dufter , Mengjie Zhao , Martin Schmitt , Alexander Fraser , Hinrich Schütze

Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings (CLWEs) encode words from two or more languages in a shared high-dimensional space in which vectors representing words with similar meaning (regardless of language) are closely located. Existing methods for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Xutan Peng , Chenghua Lin , Mark Stevenson

Large language models (LLMs) reliably predict neural activity during language comprehension and transformer depth has been interpreted as mirroring hierarchical cortical organization. However, it remains unclear whether such alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ni Yang , Rui He , Philipp Homan , Iris Sommer , Davide Staub , Wolfram Hinzen

Recent work has shown that the hidden states of large language models contain signals useful for uncertainty estimation and hallucination detection, motivating a growing interest in efficient probe-based approaches. Yet it remains unclear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Joe Stacey , Hadas Orgad , Kentaro Inui , Benjamin Heinzerling , Nafise Sadat Moosavi