Related papers: Covariance Correction for Permutation Statistics i…

Covariate adjustment is widely recommended to improve statistical efficiency in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), yet empirical evidence comparing available strategies remains limited. This lack of real-world evaluation leaves unresolved…

In large scale genetic association studies, a primary aim is to test for association between genetic variants and a disease outcome. The variants of interest are often rare, and appear with low frequency among subjects. In this situation,…

Randomized experiments have become important tools in empirical research. In a completely randomized treatment-control experiment, the simple difference in means of the outcome is unbiased for the average treatment effect, and covariate…

Permutation methods are commonly used to test significance of regressors of interest in general linear models (GLMs) for functional (image) data sets, in particular for neuroimaging applications as they rely on mild assumptions. Permutation…

We consider one of the most basic multiple testing problems that compares expectations of multivariate data among several groups. As a test statistic, a conventional (approximate) $t$-statistic is considered, and we determine its rejection…

Relying on recent advances in statistical estimation of covariance distances based on random matrix theory, this article proposes an improved covariance and precision matrix estimation for a wide family of metrics. The method is shown to…

In this paper, we propose a new test for the equality of several covariance functions for functional data. Its test statistic is taken as the supremum value of the sum of the squared differences between the estimated individual covariance…

Many multiple testing procedures make use of the p-values from the individual pairs of hypothesis tests, and are valid if the p-value statistics are independent and uniformly distributed under the null hypotheses. However, it has recently…

The statistical literature is known to be inconsistent in the use of the terms "permutation test" and "randomization test". Several authors succesfully argue that these terms should be used to refer to two distinct classes of tests and that…

Covariate adaptive randomization (CAR) procedures are extensively used to reduce the likelihood of covariate imbalances occurring in clinical trials. In literatures, a lot of CAR procedures have been proposed so that the specified…

Balancing treatment allocation for influential covariates is critical in clinical trials. This has become increasingly important as more and more biomarkers are found to be associated with different diseases in translational research…

Latent variable models are popularly used to measure latent factors (e.g., abilities and personalities) from large-scale assessment data. Beyond understanding these latent factors, the covariate effect on responses controlling for latent…

A number of biomedical problems require performing many hypothesis tests, with an attendant need to apply stringent thresholds. Often the data take the form of a series of predictor vectors, each of which must be compared with a single…

Clinical machine learning applications are often plagued with confounders that are clinically irrelevant, but can still artificially boost the predictive performance of the algorithms. Confounding is especially problematic in mobile health…

Vast literature on experimental design extends from Fisher and Snedecor to the modern day. When data lies beyond the assumption of univariate normality, nonparametric methods including rank based statistics and permutation tests are…

This paper studies covariate adjusted estimation of the average treatment effect in stratified experiments. We work in a general framework that includes matched tuples designs, coarse stratification, and complete randomization as special…

Testing covariance structure is of importance in many areas of statistical analysis, such as microarray analysis and signal processing. Conventional tests for finite-dimensional covariance cannot be applied to high-dimensional data in…

Covariate shift, a widely used assumption in tackling {\it distributional shift} (when training and test distributions differ), focuses on scenarios where the distribution of the labels conditioned on the feature vector is the same, but the…

Given observations from a stationary time series, permutation tests allow one to construct exactly level $\alpha$ tests under the null hypothesis of an i.i.d. (or, more generally, exchangeable) distribution. On the other hand, when the null…

We consider the problem of two-sample testing in a semi-supervised setting with abundant unlabeled covariate data. Standard two-sample tests neglect covariate information, which has the potential to significantly boost performance. However,…