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The security of computer systems typically relies on a hardware root of trust. As vulnerabilities in hardware can have severe implications on a system, there is a need for techniques to support security verification activities.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Rahul Kande , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Shailja Thakur , Ramesh Karri , Jeyavijayan Rajendran

Assertion-based verification (ABV) is a key approach to checking whether a logic design complies with its architectural specifications. Existing assertion generation methods based on design specifications typically produce only top-level…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Hongqin Lyu , Yonghao Wang , Jiaxin Zhou , Zhiteng Chao , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) are essential for formal verification of digital hardware, yet their manual creation demands significant expertise in both the design under verification and temporal logic. Recent studies have explored using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nowfel Mashnoor , Hadi Kamali , Kimia Azar

Assertions have been the de facto collateral for simulation-based and formal verification of hardware designs for over a decade. The quality of hardware verification, \ie, detection and diagnosis of corner-case design bugs, is critically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Vaishnavi Pulavarthi , Deeksha Nandal , Soham Dan , Debjit Pal

Recent advancements in the field of reasoning using Large Language Models (LLMs) have created new possibilities for more complex and automatic Hardware Assertion Generation techniques. This paper introduces SANGAM, a SystemVerilog Assertion…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Adarsh Gupta , Bhabesh Mali , Chandan Karfa

Functional verification remains a dominant cost in modern IC development, and SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) are critical for simulation-based monitoring and formal property checking. However, writing SVAs by hand is time-consuming and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Lik Tung Fu , Qihang Wang , Shaokai Ren , Mengli Zhang , Sichao Yang , Jun Liu , Xi Wang

Higher-order constructs extend the expressiveness of first-order (Constraint) Logic Programming ((C)LP) both syntactically and semantically. At the same time assertions have been in use for some time in (C)LP systems helping programmers…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-04-17 Nataliia Stulova , José F. Morales , Manuel V. Hermenegildo

SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) are critical for verifying the correctness of hardware designs, but manually writing them from natural language property descriptions, i.e., NL2SVA, remains a labor-intensive and error-prone task. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Weihua Xiao , Derek Ekberg , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri

Hardware verification is crucial in modern SoC design, consuming around 70% of development time. SystemVerilog assertions ensure correct functionality. However, existing industrial practices rely on manual efforts for assertion generation,…

The paper studies how code generation by LLMs can be combined with formal verification to produce critical embedded software. The first contribution is a general framework, spec2code, in which LLMs are combined with different types of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Minal Suresh Patil , Gustav Ung , Mattias Nyberg

SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) are crucial for hardware verification. Recent studies leverage general-purpose LLMs to translate natural language properties to SVAs (NL2SVA), but they perform poorly due to limited data. We propose a data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yutong Wu , Chenrui Cao , Pengwei Jin , Di Huang , Rui Zhang , Xishan Zhang , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Xing Hu

Coverage closure is a critical requirement in Integrated Chip (IC) development process and key metric for verification sign-off. However, traditional exhaustive approaches often fail to achieve full coverage within project timelines. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Sivaram Pothireddypalli , Ashish Raman , Deepak Narayan Gadde , Aman Kumar

Chaining language model (LM) calls as composable modules is fueling a new way of programming, but ensuring LMs adhere to important constraints requires heuristic "prompt engineering". We introduce LM Assertions, a programming construct for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Arnav Singhvi , Manish Shetty , Shangyin Tan , Christopher Potts , Koushik Sen , Matei Zaharia , Omar Khattab

Reliably determining the performance of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems depends on comprehensive test questions. While a proliferation of evaluation frameworks for LLM-powered applications exists, current practices lack a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Noah Broestl , Adel Nasser Abdalla , Rajprakash Bale , Hersh Gupta , Max Struever

Higher-order constructs extend the expressiveness of first-order (Constraint) Logic Programming ((C)LP) both syntactically and semantically. At the same time assertions have been in use for some time in (C)LP systems helping programmers…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-06-03 Nataliia Stulova , José F. Morales , Manuel V. Hermenegildo

The unique capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as the natural language text generation ability, position them as strong candidates for providing explanation for recommendations. However, despite the size of the LLM, most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Behnam Rahdari , Hao Ding , Ziwei Fan , Yifei Ma , Zhuotong Chen , Anoop Deoras , Branislav Kveton

Large language models (LLMs) have become an important semantic infrastructure for modern recommender systems. A prevailing paradigm integrates LLM-derived semantic embeddings with collaborative representations via representation alignment,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Maolin Wang , Dongze Wu , Jianing Zhou , Hongyu Chen , Beining Bao , Yu Jiang , Chenbin Zhang , Chang Wang , Jian Liu , Lei Sha

We present a novel approach to automated proof generation for the TLA+ Proof System (TLAPS) using Large Language Models (LLMs). Our method combines two key components: a sub-proof obligation generation phase that breaks down complex proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yuhao Zhou

Misalignment between claims and their cited evidence is a common failure mode in reports generated by large language models, limiting their reliability in scientific and other high-stakes settings. We present DeepSciVerify, a two-stage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shaghayegh Sadeghi , Khashayar Khajavi , Rise Adhikari , Alexander Tessier

Ensuring the security of modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs poses significant challenges due to increasing complexity and distributed assets across the intellectual property (IP) blocks. Formal property verification (FPV) provides the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Dinesh Reddy Ankireddy , Sudipta Paria , Aritra Dasgupta , Sandip Ray , Swarup Bhunia