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The growing size of Large Language Models (LLMs) makes efficient inference challenging, primarily due to the memory demands of the autoregressive Key-Value (KV) cache. Existing eviction or compression methods reduce cost but rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Luca Moschella , Laura Manduchi , Ozan Sener

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a widely adopted technique in text-to-image models, enabling precise rendering of multiple distinct elements, such as characters and styles, in multi-concept image generation. However, current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Xiandong Zou , Mingzhu Shen , Christos-Savvas Bouganis , Yiren Zhao

High throughput serving of large language models (LLMs) requires batching sufficiently many requests at a time. However, existing systems struggle because the key-value cache (KV cache) memory for each request is huge and grows and shrinks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Woosuk Kwon , Zhuohan Li , Siyuan Zhuang , Ying Sheng , Lianmin Zheng , Cody Hao Yu , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Hao Zhang , Ion Stoica

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse applications. However, their computational overhead during deployment remains a critical bottleneck. While Key-Value (KV) caching effectively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Insu Han , Zeliang Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Yifan Zhu , Susan Liang , Jiani Liu , Haiting Lin , Mingjie Zhao , Chenliang Xu , Kun Wan , Wentian Zhao

Key-Value (KV) cache remains a major bottleneck for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) in long-generation tasks. Prior work often applies uniform compression across both prefill and decoding caches, but compressing the prefill cache…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Soumyadeep Jana , Sagar Nishad , Sanasam Ranbir Singh

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have showcased exceptional performance in long-context tasks, while facing significant inference efficiency challenges with limited GPU memory. Existing solutions first proposed the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Qingfa Xiao , Jiachuan Wang , Haoyang Li , Cheng Deng , Jiaqi Tang , Shuangyin Li , Yongqi Zhang , Jun Wang , Lei Chen

Large language models (LLMs) can now handle longer sequences of tokens, enabling complex tasks like book understanding and generating lengthy novels. However, the key-value (KV) cache required for LLMs consumes substantial memory as context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Haojie Duanmu , Zhihang Yuan , Xiuhong Li , Jiangfei Duan , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer Decoders have become the preferred choice for conversational generative AI. Despite the overall superiority of the Decoder architecture, the gradually increasing Key-Value (KV) cache during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Guoming Liu , Baoyuan Qi , Hai Zhao

Multi-agent LLM systems on edge devices need to hand off latent context efficiently, but the practical choices today are expensive re-prefill or full-precision KV transfer. We study QKVShare, a framework for quantized KV-cache handoff…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Pratik Honavar , Tejpratap GVSL

LLM inference for enterprise applications, such as summarization, RAG, and code-generation, typically observe much longer prompt than generations, leading to high prefill cost and response latency. We present SwiftKV, a novel model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Aurick Qiao , Zhewei Yao , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in large-scale online services, enabling sophisticated applications. However, the computational overhead of generating key-value (KV) caches in the prefill stage presents a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shuowei Jin , Xueshen Liu , Qingzhao Zhang , Z. Morley Mao

Language models (LMs) underpin emerging mobile and embedded AI applications like meeting and video summarization and document analysis, which often require processing multiple long-context inputs. Running an LM locally on-device improves…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Huawei Zhang , Chunwei Xia , Zheng Wang

Continual Visual Question Answering (VQA) requires learning from non-stationary streams of visual inputs and questions while preserving past knowledge. Most prior methods adapt by updating a largely shared parameter set. This often leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Yiran Wang , Chenyi Xiong , Ziyue Qin , Miao Zhang , Kui Xiao , Zhifei Li

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has recently gained attention for fine-tuning foundation models by incorporating trainable low-rank matrices, thereby reducing the number of trainable parameters. While LoRA offers numerous advantages, its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Yeming Wen , Swarat Chaudhuri

The efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in long-context tasks is often hampered by the substantial memory footprint and computational demands of the Key-Value (KV) cache. Current compression strategies, including token eviction and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Runchao Li , Yao Fu , Mu Sheng , Xianxuan Long , Haotian Yu , Pan Li

Recently, significant progress has been made in developing reasoning-capable Large Language Models (LLMs) through long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) techniques. However, this long-CoT reasoning process imposes substantial memory overhead due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Tengxuan Liu , Shiyao Li , Jiayi Yang , Tianchen Zhao , Feng Zhou , Xiaohui Song , Guohao Dai , Shengen Yan , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

Federated fine-tuning has emerged as a promising approach to adapt foundation models to downstream tasks using decentralized data. However, real-world deployment remains challenging due to the high computational and communication demands of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yajie Zhou , Xiaoyi Pang , Zhibo Wang

Advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of complex and long-context natural language tasks. However, performing long-context LLM inference locally on a commodity GPU (a PC) with privacy…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-03 He Sun , Li Li , Mingjun Xiao , Chengzhong Xu

LLMs are seeing growing use for applications which require large context windows, and with these large context windows KV cache activations surface as the dominant contributor to memory consumption during inference. Quantization is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Coleman Hooper , Sehoon Kim , Hiva Mohammadzadeh , Michael W. Mahoney , Yakun Sophia Shao , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

Visual autoregressive modeling (VAR) via next-scale prediction has emerged as a scalable image generation paradigm. While Key and Value (KV) caching in large language models (LLMs) has been extensively studied, next-scale prediction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Boxun Xu , Yu Wang , Zihu Wang , Peng Li