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While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code generation, they often produce solutions that lack guarantees of correctness, robustness, and efficiency. This limitation is particularly acute in domains…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yueke Zhang , Yifan Zhang , Kevin Leach , Yu Huang

In practice, clinicians achieve a diagnosis by following a sequence of steps, such as laboratory exams, observations, or imaging. The pathways to reach diagnosis decisions are documented by guidelines authored by expert organizations, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Elisa Castagnari , Lillian Muyama , Adrien Coulet

Large Language Model (LLM) agents can increasingly automate complex reasoning through Test-Time Scaling (TTS), iterative refinement guided by reward signals. However, many real-world tasks involve multi-stage pipeline whose final outcomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Shuyu Gan , James Mooney , Pan Hao , Renxiang Wang , Mingyi Hong , Qianwen Wang , Dongyeop Kang

Accurately diagnosing bearing faults is crucial for maintaining the efficient operation of rotating machinery. However, traditional diagnosis methods face challenges due to the diversification of application environments, including…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-06 Laifa Tao , Haifei Liu , Guoao Ning , Wenyan Cao , Bohao Huang , Chen Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated powerful text generation capabilities, bringing unprecedented innovation to the healthcare field. While LLMs hold immense promise for applications in healthcare, applying them to real clinical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Rui Yang , Edison Marrese-Taylor , Yuhe Ke , Lechao Cheng , Qingyu Chen , Irene Li

Reliably extracting tables from PDFs is essential for large-scale scientific data mining and knowledge base construction, yet existing evaluation approaches rely on rule-based metrics that fail to capture semantic equivalence of table…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Pius Horn , Janis Keuper

Evaluating medical AI systems using expert clinician panels is costly and slow, motivating the use of large language models (LLMs) as alternative adjudicators. Here, we evaluate an LLM jury composed of three frontier AI models scoring 3333…

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant success in interacting with human. However, recent studies have revealed that these models often suffer from hallucinations, leading to overly confident but incorrect judgments. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Yusheng Liao , Yutong Meng , Hongcheng Liu , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

This study delves into the capabilities and limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the challenging domain of conditional question-answering. Utilizing the Conditional Question Answering (CQA) dataset and focusing on generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Syed-Amad Hussain , Parag Pravin Dakle , SaiKrishna Rallabandi , Preethi Raghavan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant advances in text generation but often lack the reliability needed for autonomous deployment in high-stakes domains like healthcare, law, and finance. Existing approaches rely on external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ninad Naik

Large language models offer a scalable alternative to human coding for data annotation tasks, enabling the scale-up of research across data-intensive domains. While LLMs are already achieving near-human accuracy on objective annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhen Xu , Vedant Khatri , Yijun Dai , Xiner Liu , Siyan Li , Xuanming Zhang , Renzhe Yu

Machine learning (ML) holds great promise for clinical applications but is often hindered by limited access to high-quality data due to privacy concerns, high costs, and long timelines associated with clinical trials. While large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Zerui Xu , Fang Wu , Yingzhou Lu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Yue Zhao

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has opened new avenues for analyzing complex, unstructured data, particularly within the medical domain. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) contain a wealth of information in various formats,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Wu Hao Ran , Xi Xi , Furong Li , Jingyi Lu , Jian Jiang , Hui Huang , Yuzhuan Zhang , Shi Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in automated text annotation within natural language processing. However, their deployment in clinical settings is severely constrained by strict privacy regulations and…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for medical entity extraction, yet their confidence scores are often miscalibrated, limiting safe deployment in clinical settings. We present a conformal prediction framework that provides…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Manil Shrestha , Edward Kim

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in various domains, including healthcare. However, the specialized nature of clinical language understanding tasks presents unique challenges and limitations that warrant further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Yuqing Wang , Yun Zhao , Linda Petzold

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing complex datasets. Recent studies demonstrate their potential to generate useful, personalized responses when provided with patient-specific health information that…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated surprising performance across various natural language processing tasks. Recently, medical LLMs enhanced with domain-specific knowledge have exhibited excellent capabilities in medical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Jinqiang Wang , Huansheng Ning , Yi Peng , Qikai Wei , Daniel Tesfai , Wenwei Mao , Tao Zhu , Runhe Huang

Prompting large language models (LLMs) to evaluate generated text, known as LLM-as-a-judge, has become a standard evaluation approach in natural language generation (NLG), but is primarily used as a quantitative tool, i.e. with numerical…

Evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is increasingly critical, yet standard benchmarking methods rely on average accuracy, overlooking both the inherent stochasticity of LLM outputs and the heterogeneity of benchmark items. Item…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Xinhao Qu , Qiang Heng , Hao Zeng , Xiaoqian Liu