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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is emerging as a common interface connecting large language models (LLMs) with external services. Remote deployments are becoming increasingly important as agents connect to user-linked online services, such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Huijun Zhou , Xiaohan Zhang , Haozhe Zhang , Haoyang Zhang , Mi Zhang , Min Yang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes tool use for LLM-based agents and enable third-party servers. This openness introduces a security misalignment: agents implicitly trust tools exposed by potentially untrusted MCP servers.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Zhenhong Zhou , Yuanhe Zhang , Hongwei Cai , Moayad Aloqaily , Ouns Bouachir , Linsey Pang , Prakhar Mehrotra , Kun Wang , Qingsong Wen

The development of large language models (LLMs) has entered in a experience-driven era, flagged by the emergence of environment feedback-driven learning via reinforcement learning and tool-using agents. This encourages the emergenece of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Junfeng Fang , Zijun Yao , Ruipeng Wang , Haokai Ma , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Agentic AI systems automate enterprise workflows but existing defenses--guardrails, semantic filters--are probabilistic and routinely bypassed. We introduce authenticated workflows, the first complete trust layer for enterprise agentic AI.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Mohan Rajagopalan , Vinay Rao

As Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces an easy-to-use ecosystem for users and developers, it also brings underexplored safety risks. Its decentralized architecture, which separates clients and servers, poses unique challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Huihao Jing , Haoran Li , Wenbin Hu , Qi Hu , Heli Xu , Tianshu Chu , Peizhao Hu , Yangqiu Song

In the artificial intelligence space, as we transition from isolated large language models to autonomous agents capable of complex reasoning and tool use. While foundational architectures and local context management protocols have been…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Naveen Kumar Krishnan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools. However, this MCP ecosystem introduces new security risks across hosts, servers, and registries. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Xiaofan Li , Xing Gao

Tool calling has emerged as a critical capability for AI agents. In contrast to conventional tool calling frameworks that rely on static, provider-specific tool definitions, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) offers a unified interface to…

Agentic AI systems, which leverage multiple autonomous agents and large language models (LLMs), are increasingly used to address complex, multi-step tasks. The safety, security, and functionality of these systems are critical, especially in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Edoardo Allegrini , Ananth Shreekumar , Z. Berkay Celik

The rise of tool-using Large Language Model (LLM) agents, standardized by protocols like the Model Context Protocol (MCP), has unlocked unprecedented autonomous execution capabilities for LLM Agents by integrating external open-domain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Shi Liu , Xuehai Tang , Xikang Yang , Liang Lin , Biyu Zhou , Wenjie Xiao , Wantao Liu

The increasing integration of AI agents into cyber-physical systems (CPS) introduces new security risks that extend beyond traditional cyber or physical threat models. Recent advances in generative AI enable deepfake and semantic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Mohsen Hatami , Van Tuan Pham , Hozefa Lakadawala , Yu Chen

Current LLM agents are proficient at calling isolated APIs but struggle with the "last mile" of commercial software automation. In real-world scenarios, tools are not independent; they are atomic, interdependent, and prone to environmental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yuanyang Li , Xue Yang , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Hongyang Chen

The Model Context Protocol has emerged as a transformative standard for connecting large language models to external data sources and tools, rapidly gaining adoption across major AI providers and development platforms. However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Ziyang Luo , Zhiqi Shen , Wenzhuo Yang , Zirui Zhao , Prathyusha Jwalapuram , Amrita Saha , Doyen Sahoo , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Junnan Li

Model Context Protocol (MCP) is increasingly adopted for tool-integrated LLM agents, but its multi-layer design and third-party server ecosystem expand risks across tool metadata, untrusted outputs, cross-tool flows, multimodal inputs, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Run Hao , Zhuoran Tan

AI agents increasingly call external tools (file system, network, APIs) through the Model Context Protocol (MCP). These tool calls are the agent's syscalls -- privileged operations with side effects on shared state -- yet today's safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Daeyeon Son

Agentic AI is transforming security by automating many tasks being performed manually. While initial agentic approaches employed a monolithic architecture, the Model-Context-Protocol has now enabled a remote-procedure call (RPC) paradigm to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zachary Ezetta , Wu-chang Feng

To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a widely adopted mechanism for connecting large language models to external tools and resources. While MCP promises seamless extensibility and rich integrations, it also introduces a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zhihao Li , Kun Li , Boyang Ma , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers have rapidly emerged over the past year as a widely adopted way to enable Large Language Model (LLM) agents to access dynamic, real-world tools. As MCP servers proliferate and become easy to adopt via…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Pratyay Kumar , Miguel Antonio Guirao Aguilera , Srikathyayani Srikanteswara , Satyajayant Misra , Abu Saleh Md Tayeen

We present AgentOptics, an agentic AI framework for high-fidelity, autonomous optical system control built on the Model Context Protocol (MCP). AgentOptics interprets natural language tasks and executes protocol-compliant actions on…