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Causal representation learning seeks to uncover causal relationships among high-level latent variables from low-level, entangled, and noisy observations. Existing approaches often either rely on deep neural networks, which lack…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-27 Wenjin Zhang , Yixin Wang , Yuqi Gu

Causal discovery automates the learning of causal Bayesian networks from data and has been of active interest from their beginning. With the sourcing of large data sets off the internet, interest in scaling up to very large data sets has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Yang Li , Kevin B Korb , Lloyd Allison

Causal reasoning can be considered a cornerstone of intelligent systems. Having access to an underlying causal graph comes with the promise of cause-effect estimation and the identification of efficient and safe interventions. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Amir Mohammad Karimi Mamaghan , Andrea Dittadi , Stefan Bauer , Karl Henrik Johansson , Francesco Quinzan

The algorithmic Markov condition states that the most likely causal direction between two random variables X and Y can be identified as that direction with the lowest Kolmogorov complexity. Due to the halting problem, however, this notion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-23 Kailash Budhathoki , Jilles Vreeken

Learning the structure of Bayesian networks and causal relationships from observations is a common goal in several areas of science and technology. We show that the prequential minimum description length principle (MDL) can be used to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Jorg Bornschein , Silvia Chiappa , Alan Malek , Rosemary Nan Ke

The Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle selects the model that has the shortest code for data plus model. We show that for a countable class of models, MDL predictions are close to the true distribution in a strong sense. The result…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-12-30 Marcus Hutter

Causal inference using observational data is challenging, especially in the bivariate case. Through the minimum description length principle, we link the postulate of independence between the generating mechanisms of the cause and of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-17 Natasa Tagasovska , Valérie Chavez-Demoulin , Thibault Vatter

We analyze differences between two information-theoretically motivated approaches to statistical inference and model selection: the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle, and the Minimum Message Length (MML) principle. Based on this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Peter D Grunwald , Petri Kontkanen , Petri Myllymaki , Tomi Silander , Henry Tirri

It is a long-standing question to discover causal relations among a set of variables in many empirical sciences. Recently, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has achieved promising results in causal discovery from observational data. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Xiaoqiang Wang , Yali Du , Shengyu Zhu , Liangjun Ke , Zhitang Chen , Jianye Hao , Jun Wang

Causal inference plays an important role in under standing the underlying mechanisation of the data generation process across various domains. It is challenging to estimate the average causal effect and individual causal effects from…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Haoran Zhao , Yinghao Zhang , Debo Cheng , Chen Li , Zaiwen Feng

Graph pooling compresses graphs and summarises their topological properties and features in a vectorial representation. It is an essential part of deep graph representation learning and is indispensable in graph-level tasks like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jan von Pichowski , Christopher Blöcker , Ingo Scholtes

Efficient and reliable beam alignment is a critical requirement for mmWave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, especially in 6G and beyond, where communication must be fast, adaptive, and resilient to real-world uncertainties.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Nasir Khan , Asmaa Abdallah , Abdulkadir Celik , Ahmed M. Eltawil , Sinem Coleri

Uncovering cause-and-effect mechanisms from data is fundamental to scientific progress. While large language models (LLMs) show promise for enhancing causal discovery (CD) from unstructured data, their application to the increasingly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Jin Li , Shoujin Wang , Qi Zhang , Feng Liu , Tongliang Liu , Longbing Cao , Shui Yu , Fang Chen

Fast and effective unsupervised anomaly detection algorithms have been proposed for categorical data based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle. However, they can be ineffective when detecting anomalies in heterogeneous…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-06-16 James Cheney , Xavier Gombau , Ghita Berrada , Sidahmed Benabderrahmane

Given data over the joint distribution of two random variables $X$ and $Y$, we consider the problem of inferring the most likely causal direction between $X$ and $Y$. In particular, we consider the general case where both $X$ and $Y$ may be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-17 Alexander Marx , Jilles Vreeken

Most existing causal discovery methods rely on the assumption of no latent confounders, limiting their applicability in solving real-life problems. In this paper, we introduce a novel, versatile framework for causal discovery that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Xinshuai Dong , Biwei Huang , Ignavier Ng , Xiangchen Song , Yujia Zheng , Songyao Jin , Roberto Legaspi , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

In the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle, learning from the data is equivalent to an optimal coding problem. We show that the codes that achieve optimal compression in MDL are critical in a very precise sense. First, when they are…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-10-03 Ryan John Cubero , Matteo Marsili , Yasser Roudi

Confounding bias is a key challenge in causal effect estimation from observational data. Double Machine Learning (DML) addresses this issue by estimating treatment and outcome nuisance functions, constructing treatment and outcome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Guodu Xiang , Kui Yu , Yujie Wang , Richang Hong , Fuyuan Cao , Jiye Liang

Minimum Description Length (MDL) estimators, using two-part codes for universal coding, are analyzed. For general parametric families under certain regularity conditions, we introduce a two-part code whose regret is close to the minimax…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Kohei Miyamoto , Andrew R. Barron , Jun'ichi Takeuchi

In this correspondence, we focus on the performance analysis of the widely-used minimum description length (MDL) source enumeration technique in array processing. Unfortunately, available theoretical analysis exhibit deviation from the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-13 Farzan Haddadi , Mohammadreza Malekmohammadi , Mohammad Mahdi Nayebi , Mohammad Reza Aref