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The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a prototypical combinatorial optimization problem, but its quantum implementation is limited by the O(n^2)-qubit overhead of standard one-hot encodings. Here, we propose a resource-efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Yuefeng Lin , Chao Zheng , Cong Guo

We propose a non-autoregressive framework for the Travelling Salesman Problem where solutions emerge directly from learned permutations, without requiring explicit search. By applying a similarity transformation to Hamiltonian cycles, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Yimeng Min , Carla P. Gomes

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the classic and hard problems in combinatorial optimization. We develop a new heuristic that uses a connection between Minimum Cost Flow Problems and the TSP to improve on a given suboptimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Steffen Borgwardt , Zachary Sorenson

We revisit the problem of finding optimal strategies for deterministic Markov Decision Processes (DMDPs), and a closely related problem of testing feasibility of systems of $m$ linear inequalities on $n$ real variables with at most two…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Adam Karczmarz

A fertile area of recent research has demonstrated concrete polynomial time lower bounds for solving natural hard problems on restricted computational models. Among these problems are Satisfiability, Vertex Cover, Hamilton Path, Mod6-SAT,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-02-03 Ryan Williams

In recent years, there has been much interest in phase transitions of combinatorial problems. Phase transitions have been successfully used to analyze combinatorial optimization problems, characterize their typical-case features and locate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-07-04 W. Zhang

We show that the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and its many variants may be modeled as functional optimization problems over a graph. In this formulation, all vertices and arcs of the graph are functionals; i.e., a mapping from a space…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-08 I. M. Ross , R. J. Proulx , M. Karpenko

Many recent approximation algorithms for different variants of the traveling salesman problem (asymmetric TSP, graph TSP, s-t-path TSP) exploit the well-known fact that a solution of the natural linear programming relaxation can be written…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-01-06 Jens Vygen

The Analyst's Traveling Salesman Problem asks for conditions under which a (finite or infinite) subset of $\mathbb{R}^N$ is contained on a curve of finite length. We show that for finite sets, the algorithm constructed by Schul (2007)and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Anthony Ramirez , Vyron Vellis

In this paper, we begin the exploration of vertex-ordering problems through the lens of exponential-time approximation algorithms. In particular, we ask the following question: Can we simultaneously beat the running times of the fastest…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Matthias Bentert , Fedor V. Fomin , Tanmay Inamdar , Saket Saurabh

In order to deal with the high development time of exact and approximation algorithms for NP-hard combinatorial optimisation problems and the high running time of exact solvers, deep learning techniques have been used in recent years as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 James Fitzpatrick , Deepak Ajwani , Paula Carroll

Given a graph whose arc traversal times vary over time, the Time-Dependent Travelling Salesman Problem consists in finding a Hamiltonian tour of least total duration covering the vertices of the graph. The main goal of this work is to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Tommaso Adamo , Gianpaolo Ghiani , Pierpaolo Greco , Emanuela Guerriero

The Traveling-Salesperson-Problem (TSP) is arguably one of the best-known NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. The two sophisticated heuristic solvers LKH and EAX and respective (restart) variants manage to calculate close-to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Jakob Bossek , Pascal Kerschke , Heike Trautmann

Computing diverse sets of high-quality solutions has gained increasing attention among the evolutionary computation community in recent years. It allows practitioners to choose from a set of high-quality alternatives. In this paper, we…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Adel Nikfarjam , Jakob Bossek , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann

Evolutionary algorithms have been shown to obtain good solutions for complex optimization problems in static and dynamic environments. It is important to understand the behaviour of evolutionary algorithms for complex optimization problems…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Jakob Bossek , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann

This paper presents a novel and efficient heuristic framework for approximating the solutions to the multiple traveling salesmen problem (m-TSP) and other variants on the TSP. The approach adopted in this paper is an extension of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-04-15 Mayank Baranwal , Brian Roehl , Srinivasa M. Salapaka

We propose the Steiner Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows and Pickup and Delivery, an advanced and practical extension of classical routing models. This variant integrates the characteristics of the Steiner Traveling Salesman…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Alessia Ciacco , Francesca Guerriero , Eneko Osaba

The traveling salesman problem is one of the most studied combinatorial optimization problems, because of the simplicity in its statement and the difficulty in its solution. We characterize the optimal cycle for every convex and increasing…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2018-05-23 Sergio Caracciolo , Andrea Di Gioacchino , Marco Gherardi , Enrico M. Malatesta

This paper introduces a new formulation that finds the optimum for the Moving-Target Traveling Salesman Problem (MT-TSP), which seeks to find a shortest path for an agent, that starts at a depot, visits a set of moving targets exactly once…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Allen George Philip , Zhongqiang Ren , Sivakumar Rathinam , Howie Choset

We propose a simple and exact method for the Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows and Makespan objective (\TSPTW-M) that solves all instances of the classical benchmark with $50$ or more customers in less than ten seconds each.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Francisco J. Soulignac