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Deploying multimodal systems in real-world environments often entails handling modality-missing scenarios, where one or more modalities are unavailable. While recent studies address this challenge for the general Multimodal Transformer (MT)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jian Lang , Rongpei Hong , Ting Zhong , Fan Zhou

Large-scale multi-modal models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various visual recognition tasks by leveraging extensive paired multi-modal training data. However, in real-world applications, the presence of missing or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Zhihui Zhang , Luanyuan Dai , Qika Lin , Yunfeng Diao , Guangyin Jin , Yufei Guo , Jing Zhang , Xiaoshuai Hao

Understanding human perceptions presents a formidable multimodal challenge for computers, encompassing aspects such as sentiment tendencies and sense of humor. While various methods have recently been introduced to extract…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Hao Sun , Ziwei Niu , Xinyao Yu , Jiaqing Liu , Yen-Wei Chen , Lanfen Lin

Multi-modal learning has made significant advances across diverse pattern recognition applications. However, handling missing modalities, especially under imbalanced missing rates, remains a major challenge. This imbalance triggers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Binyu Zhao , Wei Zhang , Zhaonian Zou

Pre-trained vision language models have shown remarkable performance on visual recognition tasks, but they typically assume the availability of complete multimodal inputs during both training and inference. In real-world scenarios, however,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shu Zhao , Nilesh Ahuja , Tan Yu , Tianyi Shen , Vijaykrishnan Narayanan

Despite the recent success of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), existing approaches predominantly assume the availability of multiple modalities during training and inference. In practice, multimodal data is often incomplete because…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Divyam Madaan , Sumit Chopra , Kyunghyun Cho

Building robust multimodal models are crucial for achieving reliable deployment in the wild. Despite its importance, less attention has been paid to identifying and improving the robustness of Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) models. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Devamanyu Hazarika , Yingting Li , Bo Cheng , Shuai Zhao , Roger Zimmermann , Soujanya Poria

Missing modalities cause severe failures in multimodal recommender systems. User histories, item text, and visual evidence are frequently absent during cold-start scenarios, exactly when recommendation quality matters most. Existing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jinze Wang , Yangchen Zeng , Tiehua Zhang , Lu Zhang , Yuze Liu , Zhishu Shen , Jiong Jin , Zhu Sun

Pre-trained large multi-modal models (LMMs) exploit fine-tuning to adapt diverse user applications. Nevertheless, fine-tuning may face challenges due to deactivated sensors (e.g., cameras turned off for privacy or technical issues),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Shu Zhao , Xiaohan Zou , Tan Yu , Huijuan Xu

Missing modalities have recently emerged as a critical research direction in multimodal emotion recognition (MER). Conventional approaches typically address this issue through missing modality reconstruction. However, these methods fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Rui Liu , Haolin Zuo , Zheng Lian , Hongyu Yuan , Qi Fan

Multimodal sentiment analysis has been studied under the assumption that all modalities are available. However, such a strong assumption does not always hold in practice, and most of multimodal fusion models may fail when partial modalities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Jiandian Zeng , Tianyi Liu , Jiantao Zhou

Standard multi-modal models assume the use of the same modalities in training and inference stages. However, in practice, the environment in which multi-modal models operate may not satisfy such assumption. As such, their performances…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Sangmin Woo , Sumin Lee , Yeonju Park , Muhammad Adi Nugroho , Changick Kim

This paper deals with the utterance-level modalities missing problem with uncertain patterns on emotion recognition in conversation (ERC) task. Present models generally predict the speaker's emotions by its current utterance and context,…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Ning Wang

Deep generative models with latent variables have been used lately to learn joint representations and generative processes from multi-modal data. These two learning mechanisms can, however, conflict with each other and representations can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Rogelio A. Mancisidor , Michael Kampffmeyer , Kjersti Aas , Robert Jenssen

Multimodal sentiment analysis is an active research area that combines multiple data modalities, e.g., text, image and audio, to analyze human emotions and benefits a variety of applications. Existing multimodal sentiment analysis methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Yangmin Li , Ruiqi Zhu , Wengen Li

With the growing success of multi-modal learning, research on the robustness of multi-modal models, especially when facing situations with missing modalities, is receiving increased attention. Nevertheless, previous studies in this domain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Siting Li , Chenzhuang Du , Yue Zhao , Yu Huang , Hang Zhao

Multimodal sentiment analysis remains a challenging task due to the inherent heterogeneity across modalities. Such heterogeneity often manifests as asynchronous signals, imbalanced information between modalities, and interference from…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yadong Liu , Shangfei Wang

Multi-modal semantic segmentation (MMSS) faces significant challenges in real-world applications due to incomplete, degraded, or missing sensor data. While current MMSS methods typically use self-distillation with modality dropout to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Jiaqi Tan , Xu Zheng , Yang Liu

Multimodal Sentiment Analysis is an active area of research that leverages multimodal signals for affective understanding of user-generated videos. The predominant approach, addressing this task, has been to develop sophisticated fusion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Devamanyu Hazarika , Roger Zimmermann , Soujanya Poria

Large pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) offer a promising approach to leveraging human language for enhancing downstream tasks. However, VLMs such as CLIP face significant limitation: its performance is highly sensitive to prompt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Ao Li , Zongfang Liu , Xinhua Li , Jinghui Zhang , Pengwei Wang , Hu Wang