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Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)'s success depends on the utility the LLM derives from the content used for grounding. Quantifying content utility does not have a definitive specification and existing metrics ignore model-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yilun Hua , Giuseppe Castellucci , Peter Schulam , Heba Elfardy , Kevin Small

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds large language models with external evidence, but many implementations rely on pre-built indices that remain static after construction. Related queries therefore repeat similar multi-hop…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yifan Wang , Mingxuan Jiang , Zhihao Sun , Yixin Cao , Yicun Liu , Keyang Chen , Guangnan Ye , Hongfeng Chai

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) helps address the limitations of parametric knowledge embedded within a language model (LM). In real world settings, retrieved information can vary in complexity, yet most investigations of LM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Lovisa Hagström , Sara Vera Marjanović , Haeun Yu , Arnav Arora , Christina Lioma , Maria Maistro , Pepa Atanasova , Isabelle Augenstein

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful technique for enriching Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge, allowing for factually grounded responses, a critical requirement in high-stakes domains such as healthcare.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Eduardo Martínez Rivera , Filippo Menolascina

Proprietary corporate documents contain rich domain-specific knowledge, but their overwhelming volume and disorganized structure make it difficult even for employees to access the right information when needed. For example, in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Nayoung Choi , Grace Byun , Andrew Chung , Ellie S. Paek , Shinsun Lee , Jinho D. Choi

Despite the popularity of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) as a solution for grounded QA in both academia and industry, current RAG methods struggle with questions where the necessary information is distributed across many documents or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Nathan Scales , Nathanael Schärli , Olivier Bousquet

Corporate credit underwriting requires analysts to extract actionable evidence from long, heterogeneous financial documents spanning hundreds of pages and multiple languages. Standard Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines optimize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Linus Ng Junjia , Ezekiel Tee Kongquan , Kelvin Heng , Kenneth Zhu Ke , Zhao Jing Yuan

Relevance and utility are two frequently used measures to evaluate the effectiveness of an information retrieval (IR) system. Relevance emphasizes the aboutness of a result to a query, while utility refers to the result's usefulness or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hengran Zhang , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is an umbrella of different components, design decisions, and domain-specific adaptations to enhance the capabilities of large language models and counter their limitations regarding hallucination and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Sebastian Simon , Alina Mailach , Johannes Dorn , Norbert Siegmund

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a standard framework for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks, combining large language models (LLMs) with document retrieval from external corpora. Despite its widespread use, most RAG pipelines…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mandeep Rathee , V Venktesh , Sean MacAvaney , Avishek Anand

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances language models by retrieving and incorporating relevant external knowledge. However, traditional retrieve-and-generate processes may not be optimized for real-world scenarios, where queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Ingeol Baek , Hwan Chang , Byeongjeong Kim , Jimin Lee , Hwanhee Lee

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) provides the necessary informational grounding to LLMs in the form of chunks retrieved from a vector database or through web search. RAG could also use knowledge graph triples as a means of providing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Shalin Shah , Srikanth Ryali , Ramasubbu Venkatesh

Access to the right evidence does not guarantee that large language models (LLMs) will reason with it correctly. This gap between retrieval and reasoning is especially concerning in clinical settings, where outputs must align with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Deepthi Potluri , Aby Mammen Mathew , Jeffrey B DeWitt , Alexander L. Rasgon , Yide Hao , Junyuan Hong , Ying Ding

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a cornerstone of knowledge-intensive applications, including enterprise chatbots, healthcare assistants, and agentic memory management. However, recent studies show that knowledge-extraction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Zhisheng Qi , Utkarsh Sahu , Li Ma , Haoyu Han , Ryan Rossi , Franck Dernoncourt , Mahantesh Halappanavar , Nesreen Ahmed , Yushun Dong , Yue Zhao , Yu Zhang , Yu Wang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for language models significantly improves language understanding systems. The basic retrieval-then-read pipeline of response generation has evolved into a more extended process due to the integration of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yunxiao Shi , Xing Zi , Zijing Shi , Haimin Zhang , Qiang Wu , Min Xu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves factual accuracy by grounding responses in external knowledge. However, existing RAG methods either rely solely on text corpora and neglect structural knowledge, or build ad-hoc knowledge graphs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dingjun Wu , Yukun Yan , Zhenghao Liu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems are increasingly used to analyze complex policy documents, but achieving sufficient reliability for expert usage remains challenging in domains characterized by dense legal language and evolving,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Saahil Mathur , Ryan David Rittner , Vedant Ajit Thakur , Daniel Stuart Schiff , Tunazzina Islam

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) improves large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external evidence, but it also introduces knowledge conflicts when retrieved contextual knowledge (CK) and parametric knowledge (PK) disagree or are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Xi Zhu , Ziqi Wang , Kai Mei , Wujiang Xu , Minghao Guo , Bangji Yang , Jiajun Fan , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) depends on document ranking to provide useful evidence for generation, but conventional reranking methods mainly optimize query-document relevance rather than generation usefulness. A relevant document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zhipeng Song , Yizhi Zhou , Xiangyu Kong , Jiulong Jiao , Xuezhou Ye , Chunqi Gao , Xueqing Shi , Yuhang Zhou , Heng Qi

Multi-modal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a critical method for empowering LLMs by leveraging candidate visual documents. However, current methods consider the entire document as the basic retrieval unit, introducing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yinglu Li , Zhiying Lu , Zhihang Liu , Yiwei Sun , Chuanbin Liu , Hongtao Xie