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Interpretable Learning to Rank (LtR) is an emerging field within the research area of explainable AI, aiming at developing intelligible and accurate predictive models. While most of the previous research efforts focus on creating post-hoc…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Claudio Lucchese , Franco Maria Nardini , Salvatore Orlando , Raffaele Perego , Alberto Veneri

Self-assessment is a key aspect of reliable intelligence, yet evaluations of large language models (LLMs) focus mainly on task accuracy. We adapted the 10-item General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) to elicit simulated self-assessments from ten…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Daniel I Jackson , Emma L Jensen , Syed-Amad Hussain , Emre Sezgin

Despite the successes of language models, their evaluation remains a daunting challenge for new and existing tasks. We consider the task of text simplification, commonly used to improve information accessibility, where evaluation faces two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Joseph Liu , Yoonsoo Nam , Xinyue Cui , Swabha Swayamdipta

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention and widespread usage due to their impressive performance in various tasks. However, they are not without their own set of challenges, including issues such as hallucinations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Duygu Altinok

This paper presents LITE, an LLM-based evaluation method designed for efficient and flexible assessment of taxonomy quality. To address challenges in large-scale taxonomy evaluation, such as efficiency, fairness, and consistency, LITE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Lin Zhang , Zhouhong Gu , Suhang Zheng , Tao Wang , Tianyu Li , Hongwei Feng , Yanghua Xiao

Understanding the extent and depth of the semantic competence of \emph{Large Language Models} (LLMs) is at the center of the current scientific agenda in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Linguistics (CL). We contribute to this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Mattia Proietti , Alessandro Lenci

As LLMs are increasingly integrated into human-in-the-loop content moderation systems, a central challenge is deciding when their outputs can be trusted versus when escalation for human review is preferable. We propose a novel framework for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Or Bachar , Or Levi , Sardhendu Mishra , Adi Levi , Manpreet Singh Minhas , Justin Miller , Omer Ben-Porat , Eilon Sheetrit , Jonathan Morra

Relations such as "is influenced by", "is known for" or "is a competitor of" are inherently graded: we can rank entity pairs based on how well they satisfy these relations, but it is hard to draw a line between those pairs that satisfy them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Asahi Ushio , Jose Camacho Collados , Steven Schockaert

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has established standardized evaluation benchmarks as the primary instrument for model comparison. Yet, their reliability is increasingly questioned due to sensitivity to shallow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Bogdan Kostić , Conor Fallon , Julian Risch , Alexander Löser

We establish non-asymptotic efficiency guarantees for tensor decomposition-based inference in count data models. Under a Poisson framework, we consider two related goals: (i) parametric inference, the estimation of the full distributional…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-10 Oscar López , Arvind Prasadan , Carlos Llosa-Vite , Richard B. Lehoucq , Daniel M. Dunlavy

As the focus in LLM-based coding shifts from static single-step code generation to multi-step agentic interaction with tools and environments, understanding which tasks will challenge agents and why becomes increasingly difficult. This is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Chris Ge , Daria Kryvosheieva , Daniel Fried , Uzay Girit , Kaivalya Hariharan

Table reasoning, including tabular QA and fact verification, often depends on annotated data or complex data augmentation, limiting flexibility and generalization. LLMs, despite their versatility, often underperform compared to simple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Yiran Rex Ma

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across various natural language tasks. However, evaluating their alignment with human preferences remains a challenge. To this end, we propose a comprehensive human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Shuyi Xie , Wenlin Yao , Yong Dai , Shaobo Wang , Donlin Zhou , Lifeng Jin , Xinhua Feng , Pengzhi Wei , Yujie Lin , Zhichao Hu , Dong Yu , Zhengyou Zhang , Jing Nie , Yuhong Liu

Here we utilize a low-rank tensor model (LTM) as a function approximator, combined with the gradient descent method, to solve eigenvalue problems including the Laplacian operator and the harmonic oscillator. Experimental results show the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Jun Hu , Pengzhan Jin

Probing techniques have shown promise in revealing how LLMs encode human-interpretable concepts, particularly when applied to curated datasets. However, the factors governing a dataset's suitability for effective probe training are not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yongjie Wang , Yibo Wang , Xin Zhou , Zhiqi Shen

Sparse longitudinal (SL) textual data arises when individuals generate text repeatedly over time (e.g., customer reviews, occasional social media posts, electronic medical records across visits), but the frequency and timing of observations…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-17 Prasanjit Dubey , Aritra Guha , Zhengyi Zhou , Qiong Wu , Xiaoming Huo , Paromita Dubey

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges to evaluate recommendation systems, search engines, and other subjective tasks, where relying on human evaluators can be costly, time-consuming, and unscalable. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Gen Suzuki , Wei Liu , Murat Sensoy

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, with frameworks like Chatbot Arena providing pioneering platforms for evaluating these models. By facilitating millions of pairwise comparisons based on human…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-02 Siavash Ameli , Siyuan Zhuang , Ion Stoica , Michael W. Mahoney

Large Language Models (LLMs), originally developed for natural language processing (NLP), have demonstrated the potential to generalize across modalities and domains. With their in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, LLMs can perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Nikolaos Pavlidis , Vasilis Perifanis , Symeon Symeonidis , Pavlos S. Efraimidis

Ranking LLMs via pairwise human feedback underpins current leaderboards for open-ended tasks, such as creative writing and problem-solving. We analyze ~89K comparisons in 116 languages from 52 LLMs from Arena, and show that the best-fit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jai Moondra , Ayela Chughtai , Bhargavi Lanka , Swati Gupta