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Skill-augmented agents increasingly rely on large reusable skill libraries, but retrieving relevant skills is not the same as presenting usable context. Existing methods typically return atomic skills or dependency-aware bundles whose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Kun Zeng , Yu Huo , Siyu Zhang , Zi Ye , Yuecheng Zhuo , Haoyue Liu , Yuquan Lu , Junhao Wen , Xiaoying Tang

Skill ecosystems for LLM agents have matured rapidly, yet recent benchmarks show that providing agents with more skills does not monotonically improve performance -- focused sets of 2-3 skills outperform comprehensive documentation, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tianle Xia , Lingxiang Hu , Yiding Sun , Ming Xu , Lan Xu , Siying Wang , Wei Xu , Jie Jiang

Skill libraries enable large language model agents to reuse experience from past interactions, but most existing libraries store skills as isolated entries and retrieve them only by semantic similarity. This leads to two key challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xiaoyuan Li , Moxin Li , Keqin Bao , Yubo Ma , Wenjie Wang , Dayiheng Liu , Fuli Feng

Tool planning with large language models (LLMs), referring to selecting, organizing, and preparing the tools necessary to complete a user request, bridges the gap between natural language understanding and task execution. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenjie Chen , Wenbin Li , Di Yao , Xuying Meng , Chang Gong , Jingping Bi

Large language models (LLMs) demand considerable computational, energy, and financial resources during both training and deployment. While scaling laws for training have guided much of the field's recent progress, inference costs now…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Austin R. Ellis-Mohr , Anuj K. Nayak , Lav R. Varshney

In service-oriented architectures, accurately predicting the Quality of Service (QoS) is crucial for maintaining reliability and enhancing user satisfaction. However, significant challenges remain due to existing methods always overlooking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Shengxiang Hu , Guobing Zou , Song Yang , Yanglan Gan , Bofeng Zhang , Yixin Chen

We introduce Graph of Thoughts (GoT): a framework that advances prompting capabilities in large language models (LLMs) beyond those offered by paradigms such as Chain-of-Thought or Tree of Thoughts (ToT). The key idea and primary advantage…

Reinforcement Learning has received wide interest due to its success in competitive games. Yet, its adoption in everyday applications is limited (e.g. industrial, home, healthcare, etc.). In this paper, we address this limitation by…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Ben-ya Halevy , Yehudit Aperstein , Dotan Di Castro

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive general capabilities but often struggle with step-by-step procedural reasoning, a critical challenge in complex interactive environments. While retrieval-augmented methods like GraphRAG…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Jonathan Leung , Yongjie Wang , Zhiqi Shen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to complete complex tasks by selecting and coordinating external tools across multiple steps. This requires aligning tool choices with subtask intent while satisfying directional execution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xinyi Gao , Xinyu Ren , Junliang Yu , Tong Chen , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Hongzhi Yin

Offline multi-task reinforcement learning aims to learn a unified policy capable of solving multiple tasks using only pre-collected task-mixed datasets, without requiring any online interaction with the environment. However, it faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Jinmin He , Kai Li , Yifan Zang , Haobo Fu , Qiang Fu , Junliang Xing , Jian Cheng

The transition from monolithic large language models (LLMs) to modular, skill-equipped agents represents a fundamental architectural shift in artificial intelligence deployment. While general-purpose models demonstrate remarkable breadth in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Shuzhen Bi , Mengsong Wu , Hao Hao , Keqian Li , Wentao Liu , Siyu Song , Hongbo Zhao , Aimin Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning abilities yet remain unreliable on knowledge-intensive, multi-hop questions -- they miss long-tail facts, hallucinate when uncertain, and their internal knowledge lags…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jia Ao Sun , Hao Yu , Fabrizio Gotti , Fengran Mo , Yihong Wu , Yuchen Hui , Jian-Yun Nie

Learning graphical conditional independence structures is an important machine learning problem and a cornerstone of causal discovery. However, the accuracy and execution time of learning algorithms generally struggle to scale to problems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Bryan Andrews , Joseph Ramsey , Ruben Sanchez-Romero , Jazmin Camchong , Erich Kummerfeld

Skill libraries have become a practical way for LLM agents to reuse procedural experience across tasks. However, existing systems typically treat skills as flat, single-resolution prompt blocks. This creates a tension between relevance and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yongliang Miao , Ziyang Yu , Liang Zhao , Bowen Zhu , Hasibul Haque

The continuous evolution of system specifications necessitates frequent evaluation of conflicting requirements, a process that is traditionally labour intensive. Although large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Shreyas Patil , Pragati Kumari , Novarun Deb , Gouri Ginde

As LLM agents are increasingly deployed with large libraries of reusable skills, selecting the right skill for a user request has become a critical systems challenge. In small libraries, users may invoke skills explicitly by name, but this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hongcheol Cho , Ryangkyung Kang , Youngeun Kim

Recent developments in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for selecting relevant tools from a tool knowledge base enable LLM agents to scale their complex tool calling capabilities to hundreds or thousands of external tools, APIs, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Elias Lumer , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , Myles Mason , James A. Burke , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Logical reasoning encompasses deduction, induction, and abduction. However, while Large Language Models (LLMs) have effectively mastered the former two, abductive reasoning remains significantly underexplored. Existing frameworks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yu Luo , Rongchen Gao , Lu Teng , Xidao Wen , Jiamin Jiang , Qingliang Zhang , Yongqian Sun , Shenglin Zhang , Jiasong Feng , Tong Liu , Wenjie Zhang , Dan Pei

Large language models (LLMs) are typically fine-tuned on diverse and extensive datasets sourced from various origins to develop a comprehensive range of skills, such as writing, reasoning, chatting, coding, and more. Each skill has unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Minghao Wu , Thuy-Trang Vu , Lizhen Qu , Gholamreza Haffari
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