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We develop a gradient flow on the space of probability measures defined on matrix-valued parameters induced by regularized Muon, an analytically smoothed version of the idealized Muon optimizer. The key observation is that the regularized…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-25 Aratrika Mustafi , Soumya Mukherjee , Bharath K. Sriperumbudur

The training dynamics of two-layer neural networks with batch normalization (BN) is studied. It is written as the training dynamics of a neural network without BN on a Riemannian manifold. Therefore, we identify BN's effect of changing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Chao Ma , Lexing Ying

This paper contains two contributions in the study of optimal transport on metric graphs. Firstly, we prove a Benamou-Brenier formula for the Wasserstein distance, which establishes the equivalence of static and dynamical optimal transport.…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-05-02 Matthias Erbar , Dominik Forkert , Jan Maas , Delio Mugnolo

We develop in this paper a new regularized flow dynamic approach to construct efficient numerical schemes for Wasserstein gradient flows in Lagrangian coordinates. Instead of approximating the Wasserstein distance which needs to solve…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-24 Qing Cheng , Qianqian Liu , Wenbin Chen , Jie Shen

We study the convergence of gradient flow for the training of deep neural networks. If Residual Neural Networks are a popular example of very deep architectures, their training constitutes a challenging optimization problem due notably to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Raphaël Barboni , Gabriel Peyré , François-Xavier Vialard

We give a comprehensive description of Wasserstein gradient flows of maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) functionals $\mathcal F_\nu := \text{MMD}_K^2(\cdot, \nu)$ towards given target measures $\nu$ on the real line, where we focus on the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-12-05 Richard Duong , Viktor Stein , Robert Beinert , Johannes Hertrich , Gabriele Steidl

The Muon optimizer has recently demonstrated remarkable empirical success in training large language models. However, the theoretical understanding of its mechanisms remains limited. Current convergence guarantees for Muon rely heavily on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yixuan Yang , Yuqing He , Song Li

We study the Wasserstein natural gradient in parametric statistical models with continuous sample spaces. Our approach is to pull back the $L^2$-Wasserstein metric tensor in the probability density space to a parameter space, equipping the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-20 Yifan Chen , Wuchen Li

In this paper, we investigate the training process of generative networks that use a type of probability density distance named particle-based distance as the objective function, e.g. MMD GAN, Cram\'er GAN, EIEG GAN. However, these GANs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Chuqi Chen , Yue Wu , Yang Xiang

This paper studies minimax optimization problems defined over infinite-dimensional function classes of overparameterized two-layer neural networks. In particular, we consider the minimax optimization problem stemming from estimating linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Yuchen Zhu , Yufeng Zhang , Zhaoran Wang , Zhuoran Yang , Xiaohong Chen

Flow matching has recently emerged as a flexible and efficient framework for generative modelling by learning deterministic transport dynamics between probability measures. In this work, we extend flow matching to the space of probability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Moritz Piening , Richard Duong , Gabriele Steidl

Wasserstein gradient flows of maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) functionals with non-smooth Riesz kernels show a rich structure as singular measures can become absolutely continuous ones and conversely. In this paper we contribute to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Fabian Altekrüger , Johannes Hertrich , Gabriele Steidl

We construct a Wasserstein gradient flow of the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) and study its convergence properties. The MMD is an integral probability metric defined for a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), and serves as a metric on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-04 Michael Arbel , Anna Korba , Adil Salim , Arthur Gretton

Muon orthogonalizes the momentum buffer before each update, replacing its singular values with ones via Newton-Schulz iterations. This simple change lets Muon tolerate far larger learning rates and converge faster than other optimizers, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tien-Phat Nguyen , Truong Nguyen , Minh-Phuc Truong , Tuc Nguyen , James Bailey , Trung Le

This study focuses on a Wasserstein-type gradient flow, which represents an optimization process of a continuous model of a Deep Neural Network (DNN). First, we establish the existence of a minimizer for an average loss of the model under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Noboru Isobe

The majority of parameters in neural networks are naturally represented as matrices. However, most commonly used optimizers treat these matrix parameters as flattened vectors during optimization, potentially overlooking their inherent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-15 Wei Shen , Ruichuan Huang , Minhui Huang , Cong Shen , Jiawei Zhang

Optimal transport has gained much attention in image processing field, such as computer vision, image interpolation and medical image registration. Recently, Bredies et al. (ESAIM:M2AN 54:2351-2382, 2020) and Schmitzer et al. (IEEE T MED…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-08-21 Yiming Gao

In this article, we introduce a new approach towards the statistical learning problem $\operatorname{argmin}_{\rho(\theta) \in \mathcal P_{\theta}} W_{Q}^2 (\rho_{\star},\rho(\theta))$ to approximate a target quantum state $\rho_{\star}$ by…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-02-03 Simon Becker , Wuchen Li

The $\mu$-parameterization ($\mu$P) provides a principled foundation for large language model (LLM) training by prescribing width-independent learning dynamics, which in turn enables predictable scaling behavior and robust hyperparameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 John Zhao

Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization offers a framework for model fitting in machine learning under potential shifts in the data distribution. We study a regularized variant of this problem in which entropic smoothing produces a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Tam Le
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