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We propose cognitive prompting as a novel approach to guide problem-solving in large language models (LLMs) through structured, human-like cognitive operations, such as goal clarification, decomposition, filtering, abstraction, and pattern…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Oliver Kramer , Jill Baumann

Prompt-tuning (PT) for large language models (LLMs) can facilitate the performance on various conventional NLP tasks with significantly fewer trainable parameters. However, our investigation reveals that PT provides limited improvement and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Sinan Fan , Liang Xie , Chen Shen , Ge Teng , Xiaosong Yuan , Xiaofeng Zhang , Chenxi Huang , Wenxiao Wang , Xiaofei He , Jieping Ye

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in many reasoning benchmarks. However, recent studies have pointed to memorization, rather than generalization, as one of the leading causes for such performance. LLMs, in fact, are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Xingwei Tan , Marco Valentino , Mahmud Akhter , Maria Liakata , Nikolaos Aletras

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across diverse tasks, yet their ability to perform structured symbolic planning remains limited, particularly in domains requiring formal representations like the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Pulkit Verma , Ngoc La , Anthony Favier , Swaroop Mishra , Julie A. Shah

Generative large language models (LLMs) with instruct training such as GPT-4 can follow human-provided instruction prompts and generate human-like responses to these prompts. Apart from natural language responses, they have also been found…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Sumit Kumar Jha , Susmit Jha , Patrick Lincoln , Nathaniel D. Bastian , Alvaro Velasquez , Rickard Ewetz , Sandeep Neema

Prompt engineering has emerged as an indispensable technique for extending the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs). This approach leverages task-specific instructions, known as prompts, to enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Pranab Sahoo , Ayush Kumar Singh , Sriparna Saha , Vinija Jain , Samrat Mondal , Aman Chadha

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in both research and real-world applications, but they still struggle with hallucination. Existing hallucination detection methods often perform poorly on sentence-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Weizhi Gao , Xiaorui Liu , Feiyi Wang , Dan Lu , Junqi Yin

Large language models (LLMs) have taken the world by storm by making many previously difficult uses of AI feasible. LLMs are controlled via highly expressive textual prompts and return textual answers. Unfortunately, this unstructured text…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Mandana Vaziri , Louis Mandel , Claudio Spiess , Martin Hirzel

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing and automated decision-making. However, these models still encounter difficulties when performing complex reasoning tasks involving logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yubo Dong , Hehe Fan

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle with complex mathematical tasks, prone to "hallucinating" incorrect answers due to their reliance on statistical patterns. This limitation is further amplified in average Small LangSLMs with…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated profound impact on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, their effective deployment across diverse domains often require domain-specific adaptation strategies, as generic models may…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jingyi Wang , Hongyuan Zhu , Ye Niu , Yunhui Deng

LLM-based Automatic Prompt Optimization, which typically utilizes LLMs as Prompt Optimizers to self-reflect and refine prompts, has shown promising performance in recent studies. Despite the success, the underlying mechanism of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Ruotian Ma , Xiaolei Wang , Xin Zhou , Jian Li , Nan Du , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Language Model Programs, i.e. sophisticated pipelines of modular language model (LM) calls, are increasingly advancing NLP tasks, but they require crafting prompts that are jointly effective for all modules. We study prompt optimization for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Krista Opsahl-Ong , Michael J Ryan , Josh Purtell , David Broman , Christopher Potts , Matei Zaharia , Omar Khattab

Language Models are extremely susceptible to performance collapse with even small changes to input prompt strings. Libraries such as DSpy (from Stanford NLP) avoid this problem through demonstration-based prompt optimisation. Inspired by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Maanas Taneja

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been successfully applied to many fields, showing outstanding comprehension and reasoning capabilities. Despite their great potential, LLMs usually require dedicated pre-training and fine-tuning…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Hao Zhou , Chengming Hu , Dun Yuan , Ye Yuan , Di Wu , Xi Chen , Hina Tabassum , Xue Liu

Vision-language foundation models (VLMs) show promise for diverse imaging tasks but often underperform on medical benchmarks. Prior efforts to improve performance include model finetuning, which requires large domain-specific datasets and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Arnav Singhvi , Vasiliki Bikia , Asad Aali , Akshay Chaudhari , Roxana Daneshjou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced software engineering (SE) tasks, with prompt engineering techniques enhancing their performance in code-related areas. However, the rapid development of foundational LLMs such as the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Guoqing Wang , Zeyu Sun , Zhihao Gong , Sixiang Ye , Yizhou Chen , Yifan Zhao , Qingyuan Liang , Dan Hao

Large language models (LLMs) excel at text generation, but their ability to handle clinical classification tasks involving structured data, such as time series, remains underexplored. In this work, we adapt instruction-tuned LLMs using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Iyadh Ben Cheikh Larbi , Ajay Madhavan Ravichandran , Aljoscha Burchardt , Roland Roller

The field of natural language processing (NLP) has witnessed significant progress in recent years, with a notable focus on improving large language models' (LLM) performance through innovative prompting techniques. Among these, prompt…

Deploying large language model (LLM)-driven conversational agents in enterprise settings requires prompts that are simultaneously correct at launch and resilient to the non-deterministic behavioral drift that characterizes production LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Keshava Chaitanya , Jahnavi Gundakaram