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Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is one of the most promising technologies for privacy protection as it allows an arbitrary number of function computations over encrypted data. However, the computational cost of these FHE systems limits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Toufique Morshed , Md Momin Al Aziz , Noman Mohammed

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on converged Cloud and High-Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructure. However, as LLMs handle confidential inputs and are fine-tuned on costly, proprietary datasets, their heightened…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Marcin Chrapek , Marcin Copik , Etienne Mettaz , Torsten Hoefler

Word-wise Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) schemes, such as CKKS, are gaining significant traction due to their ability to provide post-quantum-resistant, privacy-preserving approximate computing; an especially desirable feature in…

In the era of cloud computing, privacy-preserving computation offloading is crucial for safeguarding sensitive data. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables secure processing of encrypted data, but the inherent computational complexity…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Jiaao Ma , Ceyu Xu , Lisa Wu Wills

We introduce an open-source GPU-accelerated fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) framework CAT, which surpasses existing solutions in functionality and efficiency. \emph{CAT} features a three-layer architecture: a foundation of core math, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Qirui Li , Rui Zong

As large language models (LLMs) become ubiquitous, privacy concerns pertaining to inference inputs keep growing. In this context, fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) has emerged as a primary cryptographic solution to provide non-interactive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jaiyoung Park , Sejin Park , Jai Hyun Park , Jung Ho Ahn , Jung Hee Cheon , Guillaume Hanrot , Jung Woo Kim , Minje Park , Damien Stehlé

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables secure computation over encrypted data, but its computational cost remains a major obstacle to practical deployment. To mitigate this overhead, many studies have explored GPU acceleration for the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Ai Nozaki , Takuya Kojima , Hideki Takase , Hiroshi Nakamura

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows for computation directly on encrypted data and enables privacy-preserving neural inference in the cloud. Prior work has focused on models with dense inputs (e.g., CNNs), with less attention given to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Karthik Garimella , Austin Ebel , Gabrielle De Micheli , Brandon Reagen

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) frees cloud computing from privacy concerns by enabling secure computation on encrypted data. However, its substantial computational and memory overhead results in significantly slower performance compared…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wonseok Choi , Jongmin Kim , Jung Ho Ahn

Large language model (LLM) based services are primarily structured as client-server interactions, with clients sending queries directly to cloud providers that host LLMs. This approach currently compromises data privacy as all queries must…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Karthik Garimella , Negar Neda , Austin Ebel , Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is an emerging encryption scheme that allows computations to be performed directly on encrypted messages. This property provides promising applications such as privacy-preserving deep learning and cloud…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Yujia Zhai , Mohannad Ibrahim , Yiqin Qiu , Fabian Boemer , Zizhong Chen , Alexey Titov , Alexander Lyashevsky

Encrypted AI using fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) provides strong privacy guarantees; but its slow performance has limited practical deployment. Recent works proposed ASICs to accelerate FHE, but require expensive advanced manufacturing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Siddharth Jayashankar , Joshua Kim , Michael B. Sullivan , Wenting Zheng , Dimitrios Skarlatos

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables secure computation on encrypted data, mitigating privacy concerns in cloud and edge environments. However, due to its high compute and memory demands, extensive acceleration research has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Wonseok Choi , Hyunah Yu , Jongmin Kim , Hyesung Ji , Jaiyoung Park , Jung Ho Ahn

Large language models~(LLMs) are known for their high demand on computing resources and memory due to their substantial model size, which leads to inefficient inference on moderate GPU systems. Techniques like quantization or pruning can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Wenxiang Lin , Xinglin Pan , Shaohuai Shi , Xuan Wang , Xiaowen Chu

This report evaluates the performance impact of enabling Trusted Execution Environments (TEE) on NVIDIA Hopper GPUs for large language model (LLM) inference tasks. We benchmark the overhead introduced by TEE mode across various LLMs and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Jianwei Zhu , Hang Yin , Peng Deng , Aline Almeida , Shunfan Zhou

Generative large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized multiple domains. Modern LLMs predominantly rely on an autoregressive decoding strategy, which generates output tokens sequentially and employs a key-value cache (KV cache) to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ye Yu , Yifan Zhou , Yi Chen , Pedro Soto , Wenjie Xiong , Meng Li

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) has recently attracted significant attention as both a cryptographic primitive and a systems challenge. Given the latest advances in accelerated computing, FHE presents a promising opportunity for…

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables direct computation on encrypted data, making it a crucial technology for privacy protection. However, FHE suffers from significant performance bottlenecks. In this context, GPU acceleration offers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhiwei Wang , Haoqi He , Lutan Zhao , Peinan Li , Zhihao Li , Dan Meng , Rui Hou

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a cryptographic method that guarantees the privacy and security of user data during computation. FHE algorithms can perform unlimited arithmetic computations directly on encrypted data without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Charles Gouert , Vinu Joseph , Steven Dalton , Cedric Augonnet , Michael Garland , Nektarios Georgios Tsoutsos

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables computation directly on encrypted data but incurs massive computational and memory overheads, often exceeding plaintext execution by several orders of magnitude. While custom ASIC accelerators can…

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