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Training data attribution (TDA) techniques find influential training data for the model's prediction on the test data of interest. They approximate the impact of down- or up-weighting a particular training sample. While conceptually useful,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Elisa Nguyen , Minjoon Seo , Seong Joon Oh

Data Attribution (DA) is an emerging approach in the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), aiming to identify influential training datapoints which determine model outputs. It seeks to provide transparency about the model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Galip Ümit Yolcu , Moritz Weckbecker , Thomas Wiegand , Wojciech Samek , Sebastian Lapuschkin

Training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to identify which training examples influence a model's predictions on specific test data most. By quantifying these influences, TDA supports critical applications such as data debugging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xingyuan Pan , Chenlu Ye , Joseph Melkonian , Jiaqi W. Ma , Tong Zhang

Training data attribution (TDA) plays a critical role in understanding the influence of individual training data points on model predictions. Gradient-based TDA methods, popularized by \textit{influence function} for their superior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Shiyuan Zhang , Junwei Deng , Juhan Bae , Jiaqi Ma

Many training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to estimate how a model's behavior would change if one or more data points were removed from the training set. Methods based on implicit differentiation, such as influence functions, can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Juhan Bae , Wu Lin , Jonathan Lorraine , Roger Grosse

Data Attribution (DA) methods quantify the influence of individual training data points on model outputs and have broad applications such as explainability, data selection, and noisy label identification. However, existing DA methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Dan Ley , Suraj Srinivas , Shichang Zhang , Gili Rusak , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to measure how training data impacts a model's predictions. While gradient-based attribution methods, such as influence functions, offer theoretical grounding, their computational costs make them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Weiwei Sun , Haokun Liu , Nikhil Kandpal , Colin Raffel , Yiming Yang

As large language models are increasingly trained and fine-tuned, practitioners need methods to identify which training data drive specific behaviors, particularly unintended ones. Training Data Attribution (TDA) methods address this by…

Randomness is an unavoidable part of training deep learning models, yet something that traditional training data attribution algorithms fail to rigorously account for. They ignore the fact that, due to stochasticity in the initialisation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Bruno Mlodozeniec , Isaac Reid , Sam Power , David Krueger , Murat Erdogdu , Richard E. Turner , Roger Grosse

Training data attribution (TDA) provides insights into which training data is responsible for a learned model behavior. Gradient-based TDA methods such as influence functions and unrolled differentiation both involve a computation that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Andrew Wang , Elisa Nguyen , Runshi Yang , Juhan Bae , Sheila A. McIlraith , Roger Grosse

This paper explores the use of unlearning methods for training data attribution (TDA) in music generative models trained on large-scale datasets. TDA aims to identify which specific training data points contributed the most to the…

The black-box nature of large language models (LLMs) poses challenges in interpreting results, impacting issues such as data intellectual property protection and hallucination tracing. Training data attribution (TDA) methods are considered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Kangxi Wu , Liang Pang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Data attribution seeks to trace model behavior back to the training examples that shaped it, enabling debugging, auditing, and data valuation at scale. Classical influence-function methods offer a principled foundation but remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Sibo Ma , Julian Nyarko

Training data attribution (TDA) methods aim to attribute model outputs back to specific training examples, and the application of these methods to large language model (LLM) outputs could significantly advance model transparency and data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Tyler A. Chang , Dheeraj Rajagopal , Tolga Bolukbasi , Lucas Dixon , Ian Tenney

In recent years, training data attribution (TDA) methods have emerged as a promising direction for the interpretability of neural networks. While research around TDA is thriving, limited effort has been dedicated to the evaluation of…

The goal of data attribution is to trace the model's predictions through the learning algorithm and back to its training data. thereby identifying the most influential training samples and understanding how the model's behavior leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Hongbo Zhu , Angelo Cangelosi

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods, which generally rely on the model's predictions (e.g., entropy minimization) to adapt the source pretrained model to the unlabeled target domain, suffer from noisy signals originating from 1) incorrect or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Jungsoo Lee , Debasmit Das , Jaegul Choo , Sungha Choi

We formulate meta learning using information theoretic concepts; namely, mutual information and the information bottleneck. The idea is to learn a stochastic representation or encoding of the task description, given by a training set, that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Michalis K. Titsias , Francisco J. R. Ruiz , Sotirios Nikoloutsopoulos , Alexandre Galashov

Current training data attribution (TDA) methods treat the influence one sample has on another as static, but neural networks learn in distinct stages that exhibit changing patterns of influence. In this work, we introduce a framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jin Hwa Lee , Matthew Smith , Maxwell Adam , Jesse Hoogland

Training data attribution (TDA) is concerned with understanding model behavior in terms of the training data. This paper draws attention to the common setting where one has access only to the final trained model, and not the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Dennis Wei , Inkit Padhi , Soumya Ghosh , Amit Dhurandhar , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Maria Chang
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