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Formal ontologies are axiomatizations in a logic-based formalism. The development of formal ontologies, and their important role in the Semantic Web area, is generating considerable research on the use of automated reasoning techniques and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Javier Álvez , Montserrat Hermo , Paqui Lucio , German Rigau

Formal theorem-proving benchmarks enable mechanically verifiable evaluation of mathematical reasoning in large language models. However, existing benchmarks mainly focus on Olympiad-style problems and algebraic domains, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wentao Long , Yunfei Zhang , Chenyi Li , Li Zhou , Chumin Sun , Zaiwen Wen

Formal theorem proving (FTP) has emerged as a critical foundation for evaluating the reasoning capabilities of large language models, enabling automated verification of mathematical proofs at scale. However, progress has been constrained by…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Terry Jingchen Zhang , Wenyuan Jiang , Rongchuan Liu , Yisong Wang , Junran Yang , Ning Wang , Nicole Ni , Yinya Huang , Mrinmaya Sachan

Although most of the automated theorem-proving approaches depend on formal proof systems, informal theorem proving can align better with large language models' (LLMs) strength in natural language processing. In this work, we identify a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yunhe Li , Hao Shi , Bowen Deng , Wei Wang , Mengzhe Ruan , Hanxu Hou , Zhongxiang Dai , Siyang Gao , Chao Wang , Shuang Qiu , Linqi Song

While Large Language Models have achieved notable success on formal mathematics benchmarks such as MiniF2F, it remains unclear whether these results stem from genuine logical reasoning or semantic pattern matching against pre-training data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Lixing Li

Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) are powerful tools for the formal verification of mathematical proofs down to the axiom level. However, their lack of a natural language interface remains a significant limitation. Recent advancements in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Xiaolin Hu , Qinghua Zhou , Bogdan Grechuk , Ivan Y. Tyukin

Efficient and accurate autoformalization methods, which leverage large-scale datasets of extensive natural language mathematical problems to construct formal language datasets, are key to advancing formal mathematical reasoning. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Jiaxuan Xie , Chengwu Liu , Ye Yuan , Siqi Li , Zhiping Xiao , Ming Zhang

While most approaches in formal methods address system correctness, ensuring robustness has remained a challenge. In this paper we present and study the logic rLTL which provides a means to formally reason about both correctness and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Tzanis Anevlavis , Matthew Philippe , Daniel Neider , Paulo Tabuada

Formal, automated theorem proving has long been viewed as a challenge to artificial intelligence. We introduce here a new approach to computer theorem proving, one that employs specialized language models for Lean4 proof generation combined…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Kelly J. Davis

Recently, large language models have presented promising results in aiding formal mathematical reasoning. However, their performance is restricted due to the scarcity of formal theorem-proving data, which requires additional effort to be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Zijian Wu , Jiayu Wang , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen

Autoformalization, the process of translating informal statements into formal logic, has gained renewed interest with the emergence of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs). While LLMs show promise in generating structured outputs from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mihir Gupte , Ramesh S

Retrieving mathematical knowledge is a central task in both human-driven research, such as determining whether a result already exists, finding related results, and identifying historical origins, and in emerging AI systems for mathematics,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haocheng Ju , Leheng Chen , Peihao Wu , Bryan Dai , Bin Dong

We present Lean Finder, a semantic search engine for Lean and mathlib that understands and aligns with the intents of mathematicians. Progress in formal theorem proving is often hindered by the difficulty of locating relevant theorems and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jialin Lu , Kye Emond , Kaiyu Yang , Swarat Chaudhuri , Weiran Sun , Wuyang Chen

Recent advances in large language models show strong promise for formal reasoning. However, most LLM-based theorem provers have long been constrained by the need for expert-written formal statements as inputs, limiting their applicability…

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical propositions into verifiable formal representations, is a foundational task in automated theorem proving, offering a new perspective on the use of mathematics in both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Ke Weng , Lun Du , Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Haozhe Sun , Hengyu Liu , Tiancheng Zhang

Accurate auto-formalization of theorem statements is essential for advancing automated discovery and verification of research-level mathematics, yet remains a major bottleneck for LLMs due to hallucinations, semantic mismatches, and their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanyu Wang , Ruohan Xie , Yutong Wang , Guoxiong Gao , Xintao Yu , Bin Dong

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) excel at comprehending human instructions and demonstrate remarkable results across a broad spectrum of tasks. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and AI Feedback (RLAIF) further refine LLMs by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ju-Seung Byun , Jiyun Chun , Jihyung Kil , Andrew Perrault

The advent of complex, interconnected long-horizon LLM systems has made it incredibly tricky to identify where and when these systems break down. Evaluation capabilities that currently exist today are limited in that they often focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chenyang Zhu , Spencer Hong , Jingyu Wu , Kushal Chawla , Charlotte Tang , Youbing Yin , Nathan Wolfe , Erin Babinsky , Daben Liu

Developing the logic necessary to solve mathematical problems or write mathematical proofs is one of the more difficult objectives for large language models (LLMS). Currently, the most popular methods in literature consists of fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Tianbo Yang , Mingqi Yan , Hongyi Zhao , Tianshuo Yang

Autoformalization plays a crucial role in formal mathematical reasoning by enabling the automatic translation of natural language statements into formal languages. While recent advances using large language models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Lan Zhang , Marco Valentino , Andre Freitas