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As companies continue to invest heavily in larger, more accurate and more robust deep learning models, they are exploring approaches to monetize their models while protecting their intellectual property. Model licensing is promising, but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Huiying Li , Emily Wenger , Shawn Shan , Ben Y. Zhao , Haitao Zheng

In order to protect the intellectual property (IP) of deep neural networks (DNNs), many existing DNN watermarking techniques either embed watermarks directly into the DNN parameters or insert backdoor watermarks by fine-tuning the DNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Xiangyu Zhao , Yinzhe Yao , Hanzhou Wu , Xinpeng Zhang

Deep neural networks have had enormous impact on various domains of computer science, considerably outperforming previous state of the art machine learning techniques. To achieve this performance, neural networks need large quantities of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Dorjan Hitaj , Luigi V. Mancini

As Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) evolves into service-oriented platforms (Rag-as-a-Service) with shared knowledge bases, protecting the copyright of contributed data becomes essential. Existing watermarking methods in RAG focus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tianyu Chen , Jian Lou , Wenjie Wang

Distinguishing AI-generated code from human-written code is becoming crucial for tasks such as authorship attribution, content tracking, and misuse detection. Based on this, N-gram-based watermarking schemes have emerged as prominent, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Gehao Zhang , Eugene Bagdasarian , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma

AI watermarking embeds invisible signals within images to provide provenance information and identify content as AI-generated. In this paper, we introduce MarkSweep, a novel watermark removal attack that effectively erases the embedded…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Jie Cao , Zelin Zhang , Qi Li , Jianbing Ni

Landmark codes underpin reliable physical layer communication, e.g., Reed-Muller, BCH, Convolution, Turbo, LDPC and Polar codes: each is a linear code and represents a mathematical breakthrough. The impact on humanity is huge: each of these…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Ashok Vardhan Makkuva , Xiyang Liu , Mohammad Vahid Jamali , Hessam Mahdavifar , Sewoong Oh , Pramod Viswanath

Robust watermarking is typically trained with random post-processing augmentation, but random sampling under-covers the combinatorial space of realistic attack pipelines and rarely encounters the rare compositions that actually break…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Anirudh Satheesh , Michael-Andrei Panaitescu-Liess , Andrew Xu , Georgios Milis , Heng Huang , Zikui Cai , Furong Huang

Imperceptible digital watermarking is important in copyright protection, misinformation prevention, and responsible generative AI. We propose TrustMark - a GAN-based watermarking method with novel design in architecture and spatio-spectra…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Tu Bui , Shruti Agarwal , John Collomosse

Despite the tremendous success, deep neural networks are exposed to serious IP infringement risks. Given a target deep model, if the attacker knows its full information, it can be easily stolen by fine-tuning. Even if only its output is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Weiming Zhang , Huamin Feng , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

Radio frequency fingerprint identification (RFFI) distinguishes wireless devices by the small variations in their analog circuits, avoiding heavy cryptographic authentication. While deep learning on spectrograms improves accuracy, models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Aarushi Mahajan , Wayne Burleson

Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in novel view synthesis, but their reliance on large, diverse, and often untraceable Web datasets has raised pressing concerns about image copyright protection. Current methods fall short in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Zhenguang Liu , Chao Shuai , Shaojing Fan , Ziping Dong , Jinwu Hu , Zhongjie Ba , Kui Ren

Digital watermark is a commonly used technique to protect the copyright of medias. Simultaneously, to increase the robustness of watermark, attacking technique, such as watermark removal, also gets the attention from the community. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Xiaodong Cun , Chi-Man Pun

Watermarking has emerged as a crucial technique for detecting and attributing content generated by large language models. While recent advancements have utilized watermark ensembles to enhance robustness, prevailing methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Jingqi Zhang , Heng Huang

We introduce the Robust Audio Watermarking Benchmark (RAW-Bench), a benchmark for evaluating deep learning-based audio watermarking methods with standardized and systematic comparisons. To simulate real-world usage, we introduce a…

To address the security risk caused by fixed offset mapping and the limited recoverability of random mapping used in image watermarking, we propose an image self-embedding fragile watermarking algorithm based on deneighborhood mapping.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-26 Yilong Wang , Zhenyu Li , Daofu Gong , Haoyu Lu , Fenlin Liu

Watermarking is a technique for hiding of data in a medium coverage so that its presence is not detectable by a human eye and is recoverable only by the authorized recipient. Two of the most important features of watermarked image are…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Saeideh Nabipour , Javad Javidan , Majid Khorrami , Jila Azimzadeh

Static deep neural network (DNN) watermarking techniques typically employ irreversible methods to embed watermarks into the DNN model weights. However, this approach causes permanent damage to the watermarked model and fails to meet the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Junren Qin , Shanxiang Lyu , Fan Yang , Jiarui Deng , Zhihua Xia , Xiaochun Cao

Robust 3D mesh watermarking is a traditional research topic in computer graphics, which provides an efficient solution to the copyright protection for 3D meshes. Traditionally, researchers need manually design watermarking algorithms to…

Graphics · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Feng Wang , Hang Zhou , Han Fang , Xiaojuan Dong , Weiming Zhang , Xi Yang , Nenghai Yu

Deep learning based image classification models are shown vulnerable to adversarial attacks by injecting deliberately crafted noises to clean images. To defend against adversarial attacks in a training-free and attack-agnostic manner, this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Li Ding , Yongwei Wang , Xin Ding , Kaiwen Yuan , Ping Wang , Hua Huang , Z. Jane Wang
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