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Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly employed for query expansion. However, their generative nature often undermines performance on complex multi-hop retrieval tasks by introducing irrelevant or noisy information. To address…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 JungMin Yun , YoungBin Kim

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant advancements in reasoning capabilities, performing well on various challenging benchmarks. Techniques like Chain-of-Thought prompting have been introduced to further improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zehui Ling , Deshu Chen , Hongwei Zhang , Yifeng Jiao , Xin Guo , Yuan Cheng

Autoformalization, the process of transforming informal mathematical language into formal specifications and proofs remains a difficult task for state-of-the-art (large) language models. Existing works point to competing explanations for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Willy Chan , Michael Souliman , Jakob Nordhagen , Brando Miranda , Elyas Obbad , Kai Fronsdal Sanmi Koyejo

This study investigates the structured generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs), focusing on producing valid JSON outputs against a given schema. Despite the widespread use of JSON in integrating language models with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Yaxi Lu , Haolun Li , Xin Cong , Zhong Zhang , Yesai Wu , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Fangming Liu , Maosong Sun

Large reasoning models (LRMs) often consume excessive tokens, inflating computational cost and latency. More broadly, in goal reaching sequential decision problems we often want to reach the goal quickly, and LRM reasoning can be viewed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Alex Ayoub , Kavosh Asadi , Dale Schuurmans , Csaba Szepesvári , Karim Bouyarmane

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made reasoning a central benchmark for evaluating intelligence. While prior surveys focus on efficiency by examining how to shorten reasoning chains or reduce computation, this view…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chao Wu , Baoheng Li , Mingchen Gao , Yu Tian , Zhenyi Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit a robust mastery of syntax when processing and generating text. While this suggests internalized understanding of hierarchical syntax and dependency relations, the precise mechanism by which they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Ananth Agarwal , Jasper Jian , Christopher D. Manning , Shikhar Murty

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning and planning capabilities, driving extensive research into task decomposition. Existing task decomposition methods focus primarily on memory, tool usage, and feedback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Shuodi Liu , Yingzhuo Liu , Zi Wang , Yusheng Wang , Huijia Wu , Liuyu Xiang , Zhaofeng He

Effective code generation with language models hinges on two critical factors: accurately understanding the intent of the prompt and generating code that applies algorithmic reasoning to produce correct solutions capable of passing diverse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Amir Jalilifard , Anderson de Rezende Rocha , Marcos Medeiros Raimundo

General-purpose language models are trained to produce varied natural language outputs, but for some tasks, like annotation or classification, we need more specific output formats. LLM systems increasingly support structured output, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Sil Hamilton , David Mimno

Safety alignment is an important procedure before the official deployment of a Large Language Model (LLM). While safety alignment has been extensively studied for LLM, there is still a large research gap for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Tiansheng Huang , Sihao Hu , Fatih Ilhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Zachary Yahn , Yichang Xu , Ling Liu

Long-sequence transformers are designed to improve the representation of longer texts by language models and their performance on downstream document-level tasks. However, not much is understood about the quality of token-level predictions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Kamil Bujel , Andrew Caines , Helen Yannakoudakis , Marek Rei

Modern reasoning language models generate dense, sequential chain-of-thought traces implicitly assuming that every token contributes and that steps must be consumed in order. We challenge both assumptions through a systematic intervention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yi-Chang Chen , Feng-Ting Liao , Da-shan Shiu , Hung-yi Lee

Modern reasoning models, such as OpenAI's o1 and DeepSeek-R1, exhibit impressive problem-solving capabilities but suffer from critical inefficiencies: high inference latency, excessive computational resource consumption, and a tendency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Hang Yuan , Bin Yu , Haotian Li , Shijun Yang , Christina Dan Wang , Zhou Yu , Xueyin Xu , Weizhen Qi , Kai Chen

Being prompted to engage in reasoning has emerged as a core technique for using large language models (LLMs), deploying additional inference-time compute to improve task performance. However, as LLMs increase in both size and adoption,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 C. Nicolò De Sabbata , Theodore R. Sumers , Badr AlKhamissi , Antoine Bosselut , Thomas L. Griffiths

Document understanding remains a significant challenge for multimodal large language models (MLLMs). While previous research has primarily focused on locating evidence pages through precise multimodal queries, our work investigates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Chang Liu , Hongkai Chen , Yujun Cai , Hang Wu , Qingwen Ye , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Yiwei Wang

The effectiveness of LLM-based agents is often limited not by model capacity alone, but by how efficiently contextual information is utilized at runtime. Existing agent frameworks rely on rigid, syntax-heavy state representations such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Tong Yang , Yemin Wang , Chaoning Zhang , Aming Wu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved remarkable performance on complex tasks by engaging in extended reasoning before producing final answers, yet this strength introduces the risk of overthinking, where excessive token generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Shu Yang , Junchao Wu , Xuansheng Wu , Derek Wong , Ninhao Liu , Di Wang

Leveraging inference-time search in large language models has proven effective in further enhancing a trained model's capability to solve complex mathematical and reasoning problems. However, this approach significantly increases…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Tianwei Ni , Allen Nie , Sapana Chaudhary , Yao Liu , Huzefa Rangwala , Rasool Fakoor

Reasoning about time is of fundamental importance. Many facts are time-dependent. For example, athletes change teams from time to time, and different government officials are elected periodically. Previous time-dependent question answering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Qingyu Tan , Hwee Tou Ng , Lidong Bing