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The empirical literature on program evaluation limits its scope almost exclusively to models where treatment effects are homogenous for observationally identical individuals. This paper considers a treatment effect model in which treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-20 Jason Abrevaya , Haiqing Xu

One of the primary goals of statistical precision medicine is to learn optimal individualized treatment rules (ITRs). The classification-based, or machine learning-based, approach to estimating optimal ITRs was first introduced in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-18 Sophia Yazzourh , Nikki L. B. Freeman

Two-stage least squares (TSLS) estimators and variants thereof are widely used to infer the effect of an exposure on an outcome using instrumental variables (IVs). They belong to a wider class of two-stage IV estimators, which are based on…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-10-08 Stijn Vansteelandt , Vanessa Didelez

Instrumental variable methods are widely used for inferring the causal effect in the presence of unmeasured confounders. Existing instrumental variable methods for nonlinear outcome models require stringent identifiability conditions. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-01 Sai Li , Zijian Guo

We study the estimation of distributional treatment effects in randomized experiments with imperfect compliance. When participants do not adhere to their assigned treatments, we leverage treatment assignment as an instrumental variable to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-28 Undral Byambadalai , Tomu Hirata , Tatsushi Oka , Shota Yasui

Two problems that arise in making causal inferences for non-mortality outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are unmeasured confounding and censoring by death, i.e., the outcome is only observed when subjects survive. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-20 Kwonsang Lee , Scott A. Lorch , Dylan S. Small

The advent of the big data era brought new opportunities and challenges to draw treatment effect in data fusion, that is, a mixed dataset collected from multiple sources (each source with an independent treatment assignment mechanism). Due…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Anpeng Wu , Kun Kuang , Ruoxuan Xiong , Minqing Zhu , Yuxuan Liu , Bo Li , Furui Liu , Zhihua Wang , Fei Wu

In a linear instrumental variables (IV) setting for estimating the causal effects of multiple confounded exposure/treatment variables on an outcome, we investigate the adaptive Lasso method for selecting valid instrumental variables from a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-11 Xiaoran Liang , Eleanor Sanderson , Frank Windmeijer

Recent years have witnessed an upsurge of interest in employing flexible machine learning models for instrumental variable (IV) regression, but the development of uncertainty quantification methodology is still lacking. In this work we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-04 Ziyu Wang , Yuhao Zhou , Tongzheng Ren , Jun Zhu

We study inference on linear functionals in the nonparametric instrumental variable (NPIV) problem with a discretely-valued instrument under a many-weak-instruments asymptotic regime, where the number of instrument values grows with the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-05 Lars van der Laan , Nathan Kallus , Aurélien Bibaut

Data-driven visual odometry (VO) is a critical subroutine for autonomous edge robotics, and recent progress in the field has produced highly accurate point predictions in complex environments. However, emerging autonomous edge robotics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Alex C. Stutts , Danilo Erricolo , Theja Tulabandhula , Amit Ranjan Trivedi

Instrumental variable methods provide a powerful approach to estimating causal effects in the presence of unobserved confounding. But a key challenge when applying them is the reliance on untestable "exclusion" assumptions that rule out any…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-23 Jason Hartford , Victor Veitch , Dhanya Sridhar , Kevin Leyton-Brown

We present a latent variable model for classification that provides a novel probabilistic interpretation of neural network softmax classifiers. We derive a variational objective to train the model, analogous to the evidence lower bound…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Shehzaad Dhuliawala , Mrinmaya Sachan , Carl Allen

Regionalization of intensive care for premature babies refers to a triage system of mothers with high-risk pregnancies to hospitals of varied capabilities based on risks faced by infants. Due to the limited capacity of high-level hospitals,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-30 Zhe Chen , Min Haeng Cho , Bo Zhang

Previous work on causal inference has primarily focused on averages and conditional averages of treatment effects, with significantly less attention on variability and uncertainty in individual treatment responses. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Liyuan Xu , Bijan Mazaheri

Many studies exploit variation in the timing of policy adoption across units as an instrument for treatment. This paper formalizes the underlying identification strategy as an instrumented difference-in-differences (DID-IV). In this design,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-13 Sho Miyaji

Instrumental variables (IV) regression is a popular method for the estimation of the endogenous treatment effects. Conventional IV methods require all the instruments are relevant and valid. However, this is impractical especially in…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-06-29 Qingliang Fan , Yaqian Wu

Jackknife instrumental variable estimation (JIVE) is a classic method to leverage many weak instrumental variables (IVs) to estimate linear structural models, overcoming the bias of standard methods like two-stage least squares. In this…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-08 Aurélien Bibaut , Nathan Kallus , Apoorva Lal

We investigate nonlinear instrumental variable (IV) regression given high-dimensional instruments. We propose a simple algorithm which combines kernelized IV methods and an arbitrary, adaptive regression algorithm, accessed as a black box.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-25 Ziyu Wang , Yuhao Zhou , Jun Zhu

In recent years, there has been growing interest in causal machine learning estimators for quantifying subject-specific effects of a binary treatment on time-to-event outcomes. Estimation approaches have been proposed which attenuate the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-30 Matthew Pryce , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Ruth H. Keogh , Stijn Vansteelandt