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Machine consciousness evaluations mostly see behavior. For language model agents that behavior is language and tool use. That lets an agent say the right things about itself even when the constraints that should make those statements matter…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Elija Perrier , Michael Timothy Bennett

Multi-agent LLM frameworks are widely used to accelerate the development of agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs). These frameworks impose distinct architectural structures that govern how agents interact, store information,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Abdelghny Orogat , Ana Rostam , Essam Mansour

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) for structured information extraction from financial documents has accelerated rapidly, yet production deployments face fundamental architectural decisions with limited empirical guidance. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Siddhant Kulkarni , Yukta Kulkarni

Automated intrusion-style workflows require LLM agents to reason over partial observations, tool outputs, and executable artifacts under bounded budgets. A single LLM instance often compresses evidence extraction, planning, execution, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Minfeng Qi , Tianqing Zhu , Zijie Xu , Congcong Zhu , Qin Wang , Wanlei Zhou

Large language model agents suffer from fundamental architectural problems: entangled reasoning and execution, memory volatility, and uncontrolled action sequences. We introduce Structured Cognitive Loop (SCL), a modular architecture that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Myung Ho Kim

The prevailing approach to improving large language model (LLM) reasoning has centered on expanding context windows, implicitly assuming that more tokens yield better performance. However, empirical evidence - including the "lost in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zihua Wu , Georg Gartner

Agent Skills is an emerging open standard that defines a modular, filesystem-based packaging format enabling LLM-based agents to acquire domain-specific expertise on demand. Despite rapid adoption across multiple agentic platforms and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zhiyuan Li , Jingzheng Wu , Xiang Ling , Xing Cui , Tianyue Luo

AI agents -- systems that combine foundation models with reasoning, planning, memory, and tool use -- are rapidly becoming a practical interface between natural-language intent and real-world computation. This survey synthesizes the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Bin Xu

Recent advances in the intrinsic reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have given rise to LLM-based agent systems that exhibit near-human performance on a variety of automated tasks. However, although these systems share…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Bingxi Zhao , Lin Geng Foo , Ping Hu , Christian Theobalt , Hossein Rahmani , Jun Liu

Despite the impressive capabilities of large language models, their substantial computational costs, latency, and privacy risks hinder their widespread deployment in real-world applications. Small Language Models (SLMs) with fewer than 10…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Xinlin Wang , Mats Brorsson

The rapid development of AI and LLMs has driven new methods of SDLC, in which a large portion of code, technical, and business documentation is generated automatically. However, since there is no single architectural framework that can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Oleg Grynets , Vasyl Lyashkevych

Creative coding requires continuous translation between evolving concepts and computational artifacts, making reflection essential yet difficult to sustain. Creators often struggle to manage ambiguous intentions, emergent outputs, and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Anqi Wang , Zhengyi Li , Lan Luo , Xin Tong , Pan Hui

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly operate in settings where a single context window is far too small to capture what has happened, what was learned, and what should not be repeated. Memory -- the ability to persist, organize,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Pengfei Du

Code data has been shown to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but it remains unclear which aspects of code are most responsible. We investigate this question with a systematic, data-centric framework. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Abdul Waheed , Zhen Wu , Carolyn Rosé , Daphne Ippolito

Artificial Intelligence is moving from models that only generate text to Agentic AI, where systems behave as autonomous entities that can perceive, reason, plan, and act. Large Language Models (LLMs) are no longer used only as passive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Arunkumar V , Gangadharan G. R. , Rajkumar Buyya

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multi-Agent LLMs (MALLMs) introduce non-determinism unlike traditional or machine learning software, requiring new approaches to verifying correctness beyond simple output comparisons or statistical accuracy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Felix Dobslaw , Robert Feldt , Juyeon Yoon , Shin Yoo

Modern distributed software systems often operate in dynamic environments in which operation conditions change continuously and subsystems may come and go at will, e.g. intelligent traffic management and multi-robot systems. To manage these…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Danny Weyns , Flavio Oquendo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled multi-agent systems to perform autonomous code generation for complex tasks. Despite the recent growth in research and industrial applications in this area, there is little work on synthesizing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zeeshan Rasheeda , Muhammad Waseema , Kai-Kristian Kemella , Mika Saari , Pekka Abrahamsson

The dominant paradigm for building LLM based agents is the Agent Loop, an iterative cycle where a single language model decides what to do next by reading an ever growing context window. This paradigm has three structural weaknesses:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hu Wei

Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yunhao Feng , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yingshui Tan , Yanming Guo , Yifan Ding , Kun Zhai , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang