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Operational ocean forecasting systems conventionally employ dynamical ocean models driven by atmospheric forcing derived from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Xiaobing Zhou , Frank Colberg , Debra Hudson , Yonghong Yin , Griffith Young , Christopher Bladwell , Catherine Deburgh-Day

Seamless forecasting that produces warning information at continuum timescales based on only one system is a long-standing pursuit for weather-climate service. While the rapid advancement of deep learning has induced revolutionary changes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Fenghua Ling , Kang Chen , Jiye Wu , Tao Han , Jing-Jia Luo , Wanli Ouyang , Lei Bai

We present Compressible Atmospheric Model-Network (CAM-NET), an AI model designed to predict neutral atmospheric variables from the Earth's surface to the ionosphere with high accuracy and computational efficiency. Accurate modeling of the…

Space Physics · Physics 2025-07-03 Jiahui Hu , Wenjun Dong

Data-driven deep learning models are transforming global weather forecasting. It is an open question if this success can extend to climate modeling, where the complexity of the data and long inference rollouts pose significant challenges.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Salva Rühling Cachay , Brian Henn , Oliver Watt-Meyer , Christopher S. Bretherton , Rose Yu

Improving the skill of medium-range (3-8 day) severe weather prediction is crucial for mitigating societal impacts. This study introduces a novel approach leveraging decoder-only transformer networks to post-process AI-based weather…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-12-24 Zhanxiang Hua , Ryan Sobash , David John Gagne , Yingkai Sha , Alexandra Anderson-Frey

The climatic challenges are rising across the globe in general and in worst hit under-developed countries in particular. The need for accurate measurements and forecasting of pollutants with low-cost deployment is more pertinent today than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Yousuf Hashmy , ZillUllah Khan , Rehan Hafiz , Usman Younis , Tausif Tauqeer

AI has been proposed as an important tool to support several efforts related to nature-based climate solutions such as the detection of wildfires that affect forests and vegetation-based offsets. While this and other use-cases provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Olamide Oladeji , Seyed Shahabeddin Mousavi

Accurate weather forecasting is critical for science and society. Yet, existing methods have not managed to simultaneously have the properties of high accuracy, low uncertainty, and high computational efficiency. On one hand, to quantify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Jimeng Shi , Bowen Jin , Jiawei Han , Sundararaman Gopalakrishnan , Giri Narasimhan

Data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) models have made significant advancements in weather forecasting, particularly in medium-range and nowcasting. However, most data-driven weather forecasting models are black-box systems that focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Wanghan Xu , Fenghua Ling , Wenlong Zhang , Tao Han , Hao Chen , Wanli Ouyang , Lei Bai

Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) are key sources of subseasonal predictability and major drivers of extreme weather in winter. Accurate and efficient probabilistic forecasting of these events remains a persistent challenge for Numerical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Ningning Tao , Fei Xie , Baoxiang Pan , Hongyu Wang , Han Huang , Zhongpu Qiu , Ke Gui , Jiali Luo , Xiaosong Chen

In the Hong Kong Observatory, the Analogue Forecast System (AFS) for precipitation has been providing useful reference in predicting possible daily rainfall scenarios for the next 9 days, by identifying historical cases with similar weather…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Yee Chun Tsoi , Yu Ting Kwok , Ming Chun Lam , Wai Kin Wong

While machine learning-based weather prediction (MLWP) has achieved significant advancements, research on assimilating real observations or ensemble forecasts within MLWP models remains limited. We introduce ClimaX-LETKF, the first purely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Akira Takeshima , Kenta Shiraishi , Atsushi Okazaki , Tadashi Tsuyuki , Shunji Kotsuki

We present FengWu, an advanced data-driven global medium-range weather forecast system based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Different from existing data-driven weather forecast methods, FengWu solves the medium-range forecast problem from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Kang Chen , Tao Han , Junchao Gong , Lei Bai , Fenghua Ling , Jing-Jia Luo , Xi Chen , Leiming Ma , Tianning Zhang , Rui Su , Yuanzheng Ci , Bin Li , Xiaokang Yang , Wanli Ouyang

Accurate weather forecasting is essential for socioeconomic activities. While data-driven forecasting demonstrates superior predictive capabilities over traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) with reduced computational demands, its…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-12-12 Congyi Nai , Xi Chen , Shangshang Yang , Yuan Liang , Ziniu Xiao , Baoxiang Pan

The oceans play a fundamental role in Earth's climate system, redistributing heat and influencing global and regional climate variability and predictability across weather and climate timescales. The benefits of ocean-atmosphere coupling…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Christopher David Roberts , Sarah Keeley , Kristian Mogensen , Charles Pelletier , Hao Zuo

Ensemble-based methods for data assimilation and emission inversions are a popular way to encode flow-dependency within the model error covariance. While most ensemble methods do not require the use of an adjoint model, the need to…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Michael Sitwell

Accurate medium-range precipitation forecasting is crucial for hydrometeorological risk management and disaster mitigation, yet remains challenging for current numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems. Traditional ensemble systems such as…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-10-24 Tianyi Xiong , Haonan Chen

The challenge is growing towards extreme and short-duration rainfall events like a cloudburst that are peculiar to the traditional forecasting systems, in which the predictions and the response are taken as two distinct processes. The paper…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Toqeer Ali Syed , Sohail Khan , Salman Jan , Gohar Ali , Muhammad Nauman , Ali Akarma , Ahmad Ali

Foundation models (FMs) for the Earth system learn statistical relationships between physical variables across massive datasets to enable versatile downstream applications through finetuning, separating them from task-specific weather…

Machine learning and deep learning methods have been widely explored in understanding the chaotic behavior of the atmosphere and furthering weather forecasting. There has been increasing interest from technology companies, government…