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Large language model (LLM) agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in tool use, reasoning, and code generation, yet single-agent systems exhibit fundamental limitations when confronted with complex research tasks demanding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aaron Shen , Alfred Shen

We propose a method to efficiently learn diverse strategies in reinforcement learning for query reformulation in the tasks of document retrieval and question answering. In the proposed framework an agent consists of multiple specialized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Rodrigo Nogueira , Jannis Bulian , Massimiliano Ciaramita

Multi-agent reinforcement learning systems aim to provide interacting agents with the ability to collaboratively learn and adapt to the behaviour of other agents. In many real-world applications, the agents can only acquire a partial view…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Ozsel Kilinc , Giovanni Montana

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly evolved from text generators into powerful problem solvers. Yet, many open tasks demand critical thinking, multi-source, and verifiable outputs, which are beyond single-shot prompting or standard…

Agents, as user-centric tools, are increasingly deployed for human task delegation, assisting with a broad spectrum of requests by generating thoughts, engaging with user proxies, and producing action plans. However, agents based on large…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Wenyue Hua , Mengting Wan , Shashank Vadrevu , Ryan Nadel , Yongfeng Zhang , Chi Wang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) underscore their potential for responding to inquiries in various domains. However, ensuring that generative agents provide accurate and reliable answers remains an ongoing challenge. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Andries Smit , Paul Duckworth , Nathan Grinsztajn , Thomas D. Barrett , Arnu Pretorius

Multi-agent large language models (MA-LLMs) are a rapidly growing research area that leverages multiple interacting language agents to tackle complex tasks, outperforming single-agent large language models. This literature review…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Arne Tillmann

Central to all machine learning algorithms is data representation. For multi-agent systems, selecting a representation which adequately captures the interactions among agents is challenging due to the latent group structure which tends to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Jennifer Hobbs , Matthew Holbrook , Nathan Frank , Long Sha , Patrick Lucey

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in complex reasoning tasks, while recent prompting strategies such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT) have further elevated their performance in handling complex logical problems.…

In this paper, we explore using deep reinforcement learning for problems with multiple agents. Most existing methods for deep multi-agent reinforcement learning consider only a small number of agents. When the number of agents increases,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Arbaaz Khan , Clark Zhang , Daniel D. Lee , Vijay Kumar , Alejandro Ribeiro

Strategies for orchestrating the interactions between multiple agents, both human and artificial, can wildly overestimate performance and underestimate the cost of orchestration. We design a framework to orchestrate agents under realistic…

As information grows exponentially, enterprises face increasing pressure to transform unstructured data into coherent, actionable insights. While autonomous agents show promise, they often struggle with domain-specific nuances, intent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Akshara Prabhakar , Roshan Ram , Zixiang Chen , Silvio Savarese , Frank Wang , Caiming Xiong , Huan Wang , Weiran Yao

Research concerning organization and coordination within multi-agent systems continues to draw from a variety of architectures and methodologies. The work presented in this paper combines techniques from game theory and multi-agent systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Derek Messie , Jae C. Oh

Effectively evaluating deep research agents that autonomously search the web, analyze information, and generate reports remains a major challenge, particularly when it comes to assessing long reports and giving detailed feedback on their…

Despite the occurrence of elegant algorithms for solving complex problem, exhaustive search has retained its significance since many real-life problems exhibit no regular structure and exhaustive search is the only possible solution. The…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2012-01-04 Toni Stojanovski , Ljupco Krstevski

The search for information on the web is faced with several problems, which arise on the one hand from the vast number of available sources, and on the other hand from their heterogeneity. A promising approach is the use of multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2007-05-23 T. Eiter , M. Fink , G. Sabbatini , H. Tompits

AI agents -- systems that combine foundation models with reasoning, planning, memory, and tool use -- are rapidly becoming a practical interface between natural-language intent and real-world computation. This survey synthesizes the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Bin Xu

We investigate the mechanism design problem faced by a principal who hires \emph{multiple} agents to gather and report costly information. Then, the principal exploits the information to make an informed decision. We model this problem as a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Federico Cacciamani , Matteo Castiglioni , Nicola Gatti

Inspired by the concepts of deep learning in artificial intelligence and fairness in behavioural economics, we introduce deep teams in this paper. In such systems, agents are partitioned into a few sub-populations so that the dynamics and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-03 Jalal Arabneydi , Amir G. Aghdam

Whereas classical multi-agent systems have the agent in center, there have recently been a development towards focusing more on the organization of the system. This allows the designer to focus on what the system goals are, without…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2010-10-04 Andreas Schmidt Jensen