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Benchmarking in continuous black-box optimisation is hindered by the limited structural diversity of existing test suites such as BBOB. We explore whether large language models embedded in an evolutionary loop can be used to design…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Urban Skvorc , Niki van Stein , Moritz Seiler , Britta Grimme , Thomas Bäck , Heike Trautmann

Bilevel optimization, the problem of minimizing a value function which involves the arg-minimum of another function, appears in many areas of machine learning. In a large scale empirical risk minimization setting where the number of samples…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-03 Mathieu Dagréou , Pierre Ablin , Samuel Vaiter , Thomas Moreau

Bilevel optimization problems embed the optimality of a subproblem as a constraint of another optimization problem. We introduce the concept of near-optimality robustness for bilevel optimization, protecting the upper-level solution…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-15 Mathieu Besançon , Miguel F. Anjos , Luce Brotcorne

Stochastic bilevel optimization tackles challenges involving nested optimization structures. Its fast-growing scale nowadays necessitates efficient distributed algorithms. In conventional distributed bilevel methods, each worker must…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-30 Yutong He , Jie Hu , Xinmeng Huang , Songtao Lu , Bin Wang , Kun Yuan

Real-world optimization problems often have expensive objective functions in terms of cost and time. It is desirable to find near-optimal solutions with very few function evaluations. Surrogate-assisted optimizers tend to reduce the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-18 Samineh Bagheri , Wolfgang Konen , Thomas Bäck

Bilevel optimization problems, encountered in fields such as economics, engineering, and machine learning, pose significant computational challenges due to their hierarchical structure and constraints at both upper and lower levels.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-21 Mengwei Xu , Yu-Hong Dai , Xin-Wei Liu , Bo Wang

In this paper, we approach the problem of optimizing blackbox functions over large hybrid search spaces consisting of both combinatorial and continuous parameters. We demonstrate that previous evolutionary algorithms which rely on…

Recent research in Cooperative Coevolution~(CC) have achieved promising progress in solving large-scale global optimization problems. However, existing CC paradigms have a primary limitation in that they require deep expertise for selecting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Hongshu Guo , Wenjie Qiu , Zeyuan Ma , Xinglin Zhang , Jun Zhang , Yue-Jiao Gong

Evolutionary optimization algorithms often face defects and limitations that complicate the evolution processes or even prevent them from reaching the global optimum. A notable constraint pertains to the considerable quantity of function…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Farshid Farhadi Khouzani , Abdolreza Mirzaei , Paul La Plante , Laxmi Gewali

This paper proposes a natural evolution strategy (NES) for mixed-integer black-box optimization (MI-BBO) that appears in real-world problems such as hyperparameter optimization of machine learning and materials design. This problem is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Koki Ikeda , Isao Ono

In recent years, bilevel approaches have become very popular to efficiently estimate high-dimensional hyperparameters of machine learning models. However, to date, binary parameters are handled by continuous relaxation and rounding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Sara Venturini , Marianna de Santis , Jordan Patracone , Francesco Rinaldi , Saverio Salzo , Martin Schmidt

Existing Meta-Black-Box Optimization (MetaBBO) methods focus on how to search when controlling optimizers, but largely overlook where to search. We propose MetaSG-SAEA, a bi-level MetaBBO framework for expensive constrained multi-objective…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yukun Du , Haiyue Yu , Jiang Jiang , Shuaiwen Tang , Xiaotong Xie , Haobo Liu , Chongshuang Hu , Shengkun Chang

Bilevel optimization has become a powerful framework in various machine learning applications including meta-learning, hyperparameter optimization, and network architecture search. There are generally two classes of bilevel optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Kaiyi Ji

Bilevel optimization has gained prominence in various applications. In this study, we introduce a framework for solving bilevel optimization problems, where the variables in both the lower and upper levels are constrained on Riemannian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Andi Han , Bamdev Mishra , Pratik Jawanpuria , Akiko Takeda

Surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms have been widely developed to solve complex and computationally expensive multi-objective optimization problems in recent years. However, when dealing with high-dimensional optimization problems,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Guodong Chen , Jiu Jimmy Jiao , Xiaoming Xue , Zhongzheng Wang

Despite the state-of-the-art performance of the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES), high-dimensional black-box optimization problems are challenging tasks. Such problems often involve a property called low effective…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Kento Uchida , Teppei Yamaguchi , Shinichi Shirakawa

In this study, we consider a continuous min--max optimization problem $\min_{x \in \mathbb{X} \max_{y \in \mathbb{Y}}}f(x,y)$ whose objective function is a black-box. We propose a novel approach to minimize the worst-case objective function…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Atsuhiro Miyagi , Yoshiki Miyauchi , Atsuo Maki , Kazuto Fukuchi , Jun Sakuma , Youhei Akimoto

In this paper, we introduce a new functional point of view on bilevel optimization problems for machine learning, where the inner objective is minimized over a function space. These types of problems are most often solved by using methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-10 Ieva Petrulionyte , Julien Mairal , Michael Arbel

Dynamic Optimization Problems (DOPs) are challenging to address due to their complex nature, i.e., dynamic environment variation. Evolutionary Computation methods are generally advantaged in solving DOPs since they resemble dynamic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Zijian Gao , Yuanting Zhong , Zeyuan Ma , Yue-Jiao Gong , Hongshu Guo

Stochastic bilevel optimization generalizes the classic stochastic optimization from the minimization of a single objective to the minimization of an objective function that depends the solution of another optimization problem. Recently,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-01 Tianyi Chen , Yuejiao Sun , Quan Xiao , Wotao Yin