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As autonomous agents (e.g., OpenClaw) increasingly operate with deep system-level privileges to execute complex tasks, they introduce severe, unmitigated security risks. Current vulnerability analyses overwhelmingly focus on single-turn,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jianan Ma , Xiaohu Du , Ruixiao Lin , Yaoxiang Bian , Jialuo Chen , Jingyi Wang , Xiaofang Yang , Shiwen Cui , Changhua Meng , Xinhao Deng , Zhen Wang

Autonomous agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) acquire external functionalities through third-party skills available in open marketplaces. Adopting these integrations broadens the potential attack surface, prompting a need for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Xinyu Liu , Yukai Zhao , Xing Hu , Xin Xia

Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly emerging as a general-purpose technology, with recent systems such as OpenClaw extending their capabilities through broad tool use, third-party skills, and deeper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Lukas Pirch , Micha Horlboge , Patrick Großmann , Syeda Mahnur Asif , Klim Kireev , Thorsten Holz , Konrad Rieck

Machine learning (ML) underpins foundation models in finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, making them targets for data poisoning, model extraction, prompt injection, automated jailbreaking, and preference-guided black-box…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Armstrong Foundjem , Lionel Nganyewou Tidjon , Leuson Da Silva , Foutse Khomh

The emergence of agent-to-agent communication protocols mirrors the early internet: powerful connectivity with minimal security infrastructure. When AI agents communicate on behalf of users, every message crosses a trust boundary where the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Sahar Abdelnabi , Amr Gomaa , Eugene Bagdasarian , Per Ola Kristensson , Reza Shokri

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed the rise of autonomous AI agents capable of perceiving, reasoning, and acting in dynamic, open-ended environments. These large-model agents mark a paradigm shift from static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Hang Su , Jun Luo , Chang Liu , Xiao Yang , Yichi Zhang , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

As artificial intelligence engineering paradigms shift from single-agent Prompt and Context Engineering toward multi-agent \textbf{Coordination Engineering}, the ability to codify and systematically improve how multiple agents collaborate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Xinyu Zhang , Zhicheng Dou , Deyang Li , Jianjun Tao , Shuo Cheng , Ruifeng Shi , Fangchao Liu , Enrui Hu , Yangkai Ding , Hongbo Wang , Qi Ye , Xuefeng Jin , Zhangchun Zhao

Recent advances in the intrinsic reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have given rise to LLM-based agent systems that exhibit near-human performance on a variety of automated tasks. However, although these systems share…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Bingxi Zhao , Lin Geng Foo , Ping Hu , Christian Theobalt , Hossein Rahmani , Jun Liu

This paper proposes a novel architectural framework aimed at enhancing security and reliability in multi-agent systems (MAS). A central component of this framework is a network of Sentinel Agents, functioning as a distributed security layer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Diego Gosmar , Deborah A. Dahl

The proliferation of agentic AI coding assistants, including Claude Code, GitHub Copilot, Cursor, and emerging skill-based architectures, has fundamentally transformed software development workflows. These systems leverage Large Language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Narek Maloyan , Dmitry Namiot

Large language model (LLM) agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various domains, gaining extensive attention from academia and industry. However, these agents raise significant concerns on AI safety due to their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Liming Dong , Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu

This paper examines why safety mechanisms designed for human-model interaction do not scale to environments where large language models (LLMs) interact with each other. Most current governance practices still rely on single-agent safety…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Piercosma Bisconti , Marcello Galisai , Federico Pierucci , Marcantonio Bracale , Matteo Prandi

Current safety alignment for Large Language Models (LLMs) implicitly optimizes for a "modal adult user," leaving models vulnerable to distributional shifts in user cognition. We present ChildSafe, a benchmark that quantifies alignment…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Abhejay Murali , Saleh Afroogh , Kevin Chen , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar , Junfeng Jiao

Long-horizon LLM agents leave traces that could become reusable experience, but raw trajectories are noisy and hard to govern. We treat Agent Skills as an experience schema that couples executable scripts, with non-executable guidance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hongyi Liu , Haoyan Yang , Tao Jiang , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

Autonomous browsing agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to automate web-based tasks. However, their reliance on dynamic content, tool execution, and user-provided data exposes them to a broad attack surface.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mykyta Mudryi , Markiyan Chaklosh , Grzegorz Wójcik

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has led to the widespread deployment of LLM agents across diverse industries, including customer service, content generation, data analysis, and even healthcare. However, as more LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Yingxuan Yang , Huacan Chai , Yuanyi Song , Siyuan Qi , Muning Wen , Ning Li , Junwei Liao , Haoyi Hu , Jianghao Lin , Gaowei Chang , Weiwen Liu , Ying Wen , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Agentic AI in software product development is increasingly adopted by organizations, yet the field lacks a consolidated synthesis of where adoption is mature, which architectural patterns dominate, and what limitations and coping mechanisms…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Spyridon Alvanakis Apostolou , Jan Bosch , Helena Holmström Olsson

Agents, language model-based systems capable of reasoning, planning, and acting are widely adopted in real-world tasks, yet how their performance changes as these systems scale across key dimensions remains underexplored. We introduce…

Agent ecosystems increasingly rely on installable skills to extend functionality, and some skills bundle learned model artifacts as part of their execution logic. This creates a supply-chain risk that is not captured by prompt injection or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Guiyao Tie , Jiawen Shi , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Multi-agent Large Language Model (LLM) systems create privacy risks that current benchmarks cannot measure. When agents coordinate on tasks, sensitive data passes through inter-agent messages, shared memory, and tool arguments, all pathways…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Faouzi El Yagoubi , Godwin Badu-Marfo , Ranwa Al Mallah