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Large language models (LLMs) are advancing at an unprecedented pace globally, with regions increasingly adopting these models for applications in their primary language. Evaluation of these models in diverse linguistic environments,…

This paper addresses the critical gap in evaluating bias in multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), with a specific focus on Spanish language within culturally-aware Latin American contexts. Despite widespread global deployment, current…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Melissa Robles , Catalina Bernal , Denniss Raigoso , Mateo Dulce Rubio

Large language models (LLMs) are the foundation of the current successes of artificial intelligence (AI), however, they are unavoidably biased. To effectively communicate the risks and encourage mitigation efforts these models need adequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Carolin M. Schuster , Maria-Alexandra Dinisor , Shashwat Ghatiwala , Georg Groh

Financial institutions increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) for high-stakes decision-making. However, these models risk perpetuating harmful biases if deployed without careful oversight. This paper investigates racial bias in…

General Economics · Economics 2025-06-24 Thomas R. Cook , Sophia Kazinnik

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance, leading to their widespread adoption as decision-support tools in resource-constrained contexts like hiring and admissions. There is, however, scientific consensus that AI…

Large Language Model (LLM) evaluation is currently one of the most important areas of research, with existing benchmarks proving to be insufficient and not completely representative of LLMs' various capabilities. We present a curated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly involved in high-stakes domains, yet how they reason about socially sensitive decisions remains underexplored. We present a large-scale audit of LLMs' treatment of socioeconomic status (SES) in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Huy Nghiem , Phuong-Anh Nguyen-Le , John Prindle , Rachel Rudinger , Hal Daumé

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly applied in Personalized Image Aesthetic Assessment (PIAA) as a scalable alternative to expert evaluations. However, their predictions may reflect subtle biases influenced by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Kun Li , Lai-Man Po , Hongzheng Yang , Xuyuan Xu , Kangcheng Liu , Yuzhi Zhao

Gender bias research has been pivotal in revealing undesirable behaviors in large language models, exposing serious gender stereotypes associated with occupations, and emotions. A key observation in prior work is that models reinforce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Catarina G Belém , Preethi Seshadri , Yasaman Razeghi , Sameer Singh

How biased is a language model? The answer depends on how you ask. A model that refuses to choose between castes for a leadership role will, in a fill-in-the-blank task, reliably associate upper castes with purity and lower castes with lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Divyanshu Kumar , Ishita Gupta , Nitin Aravind Birur , Tanay Baswa , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

Warning: This paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting. There has been a significant increase in the usage of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, both in their original form and through fine-tuned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jiaxu Zhao , Meng Fang , Shirui Pan , Wenpeng Yin , Mykola Pechenizkiy

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has shifted language model evaluation toward reasoning and problem-solving tasks as measures of general intelligence. Small Language Models (SLMs) -- defined here as models under 10B parameters…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Gabriel Benedict , Matthew Butler , Naved Merchant , Eetu Salama-Laine

LLMs have shown impressive progress in natural language processing. However, they still face significant challenges in TableQA, where real-world complexities such as diverse table structures, multilingual data, and domain-specific reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Junnan Zhu , Jingyi Wang , Bohan Yu , Xiaoyu Wu , Junbo Li , Lei Wang , Nan Xu

Large language models exhibit cultural biases and limited cross-cultural understanding capabilities, particularly when serving diverse global user populations. We propose MCEval, a novel multilingual evaluation framework that employs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Shulin Huang , Linyi Yang , Yue Zhang

Moving beyond traditional surveys, combining heterogeneous data sources with AI-driven inference models brings new opportunities to measure socio-economic conditions, such as poverty and population, over expansive geographic areas. The…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Sungwon Han , Donghyun Ahn , Seungeon Lee , Minhyuk Song , Sungwon Park , Sangyoon Park , Jihee Kim , Meeyoung Cha

In this research, we introduce BEATS, a novel framework for evaluating Bias, Ethics, Fairness, and Factuality in Large Language Models (LLMs). Building upon the BEATS framework, we present a bias benchmark for LLMs that measure performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Alok Abhishek , Lisa Erickson , Tushar Bandopadhyay

The presence of social biases in large language models (LLMs) has become a significant concern in AI research. These biases, often embedded in training data, can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and distort decision-making processes. When…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Amirabbas Afzali , Amirreza Velae , Iman Ahmadi , Mohammad Aliannejadi

Recent breakthroughs in self supervised training have led to a new class of pretrained vision language models. While there have been investigations of bias in multimodal models, they have mostly focused on gender and racial bias, giving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Sepehr Janghorbani , Gerard de Melo

Evaluation is the baton for the development of large language models. Current evaluations typically employ a single-item assessment paradigm for each atomic test objective, which struggles to discern whether a model genuinely possesses the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Boxi Cao , Mengjie Ren , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Feng Zhang , Junfeng Zhan , Le Sun

Large Language Models (LLM) have made significant advances in the recent past becoming more mainstream in Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled human-facing applications. However, LLMs often generate stereotypical output inherited from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Wu Zekun , Sahan Bulathwela , Adriano Soares Koshiyama