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Large Language Models (LLMs) pose significant hardware challenges related to memory requirements and computational ability. There are two mainstream quantization schemes for LLMs: coarse-grained ($\textit{e.g.,}$ channel-wise) quantization…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Luoming Zhang , Wen Fei , Weijia Wu , Yefei He , Zhenyu Lou , Hong Zhou

Efficient deployment of large language models (LLMs) necessitates low-bit quantization to minimize model size and inference cost. While low-bit integer formats (e.g., INT8/INT4) have been the conventional choice, emerging low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yijia Zhang , Lingran Zhao , Shijie Cao , Wenqiang Wang , Ting Cao , Fan Yang , Mao Yang , Shanghang Zhang , Ningyi Xu

Quantization is a key method for reducing the GPU memory requirement of training large language models (LLMs). Yet, current approaches are ineffective for 4-bit activations and 8-bit gradients, which would easily cause slow convergence or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenxiang Lin , Juntao Huang , Luhan Zhang , Laili Li , Xiang Bao , Mengyang Zhang , Bing Wang , Shaohuai Shi

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success as model sizes continue to grow, yet their deployment remains challenging due to significant computational and memory demands. Quantization has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Yu Zhang , Mingzi Wang , Lancheng Zou , Wulong Liu , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Bei Yu

Quantization is a proven effective method for compressing large language models. Although popular techniques like W8A8 and W4A16 effectively maintain model performance, they often fail to concurrently speed up the prefill and decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Ying Zhang , Peng Zhang , Mincong Huang , Jingyang Xiang , Yujie Wang , Chao Wang , Yineng Zhang , Lei Yu , Chuan Liu , Wei Lin

Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional performance and vast potential across diverse tasks. However, the deployment of LLMs with high performance in low-resource environments has garnered significant attention in the industry.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Pujiang He , Shan Zhou , Wenhuan Huang , Changqing Li , Duyi Wang , Bin Guo , Chen Meng , Sheng Gui , Weifei Yu , Yi Xie

As large language models become increasingly prevalent, memory bandwidth constraints significantly limit inference throughput, motivating post-training quantization (PTQ). In this paper, we propose FireQ, a co-designed PTQ framework and an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Daehyeon Baek , Jieun Choi , Jimyoung Son , Kyungmin Bin , Seungbeom Choi , Kihyo Moon , Minsung Jang , Hyojung Lee

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in biomedical natural language processing, yet their rapid growth in size and computational requirements present a major barrier to adoption in healthcare settings where data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Zaifu Zhan , Shuang Zhou , Min Zeng , Kai Yu , Meijia Song , Xiaoyi Chen , Jun Wang , Yu Hou , Rui Zhang

The efficiency of Large Language Model~(LLM) inference is often constrained by substantial memory bandwidth and capacity demands. Existing techniques, such as pruning, quantization, and mixture of experts/depth, reduce memory capacity…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Rui Xie , Asad Ul Haq , Linsen Ma , Yunhua Fang , Zirak Burzin Engineer , Liu Liu , Tong Zhang

The key-value (KV) cache in large language models presents a significant memory bottleneck during inference, growing linearly with sequence length and often exceeding the memory footprint of model weights themselves. We implement and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Maanas Taneja , Purab Shingvi

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit excellent performance in various tasks. However, the memory requirements of LLMs present a great challenge when deploying on memory-limited devices, even for quantized LLMs. This paper introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Weilan Wang , Yu Mao , Dongdong Tang , Hongchao Du , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Transformers are the backbone of powerful foundation models for many Vision and Natural Language Processing tasks. But their compute and memory/storage footprint is large, and so, serving such models is expensive often requiring high-end…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Harshavardhan Adepu , Zhanpeng Zeng , Li Zhang , Vikas Singh

We report on aggressive quantization strategies that greatly accelerate inference of Recurrent Neural Network Transducers (RNN-T). We use a 4 bit integer representation for both weights and activations and apply Quantization Aware Training…

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have intensified the need for low-precision formats that enable efficient, large-scale inference. The Open Compute Project (OCP) Microscaling (MX) standard is attractive due to its favorable hardware efficiency,…

We introduce a method that dramatically reduces fine-tuning VRAM requirements and rectifies quantization errors in quantized Large Language Models. First, we develop an extremely memory-efficient fine-tuning (EMEF) method for quantized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yuji Chai , John Gkountouras , Glenn G. Ko , David Brooks , Gu-Yeon Wei

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various kinds of tasks, while the billion or even trillion parameters bring storage and efficiency bottlenecks for inference. Quantization, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Mengtao Lv , Ruiqi Zhu , Xinyu Wang , Yun Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) stand out for their impressive performance in intricate language modeling tasks. However, their demanding computational and memory needs pose obstacles for broad use on edge devices. Quantization is then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Xuan Shen , Peiyan Dong , Lei Lu , Zhenglun Kong , Zhengang Li , Ming Lin , Chao Wu , Yanzhi Wang

Quantizing large language models has become a standard way to reduce their memory and computational costs. Typically, existing methods focus on breaking down the problem into individual layer-wise sub-problems, and minimizing per-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Vladimir Malinovskii , Andrei Panferov , Ivan Ilin , Han Guo , Peter Richtárik , Dan Alistarh

Large Language Models (LLMs) from the GPT family have become extremely popular, leading to a race towards reducing their inference costs to allow for efficient local computation. Yet, the vast majority of existing work focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Saleh Ashkboos , Ilia Markov , Elias Frantar , Tingxuan Zhong , Xincheng Wang , Jie Ren , Torsten Hoefler , Dan Alistarh